HIS CW-18 NEIGHBORS

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HIS CW-18 NEIGHBORS

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

GUATEMALA
The United States had a long standing policy called the Monroe Doctrine which said that European countries should not meddle in the affairs of nations in the America’s. The U.S. reasoned that countries that became communist would be under the control of the Soviet Union, as was the case in Cuba. The U.S. felt that by enforcing the Monroe Doctrine it was preventing a European country, Russia, from taking control of a nation in the America’s.
Central America, the Caribbean and South America become the battleground for a test of wills between the United States and the U.S.S.R. -- as the Cold War comes to America's "backyard."
After World War II, growing nationalism in Central and South America led to greater resentment against the United States, whose government and business interests dominated the region. At that time in Guatemala, the railroad, the main port, telecommunications and about 500,000 acres of land were owned by the United Fruit Company of Boston.
In 1950, Jacobo Arbenz was voted Guatemala's president. Arbenz wanted to modernize Guatemala's backward society and started a land reform program, nationalizing thousands of acres of land -- some of it owned by United Fruit. Officials in Washington were alarmed and suspected communist infiltration of the Arbenz government. Arbenz wasn't a communist, but some of his allies were.
The CIA organized an operation code-named "PB Success," which mobilized disaffected Guatemalan exiles and peasants into action. The PB Success campaign brought down Guatemala's government and drove Arbenz and his wife into exile. Some 9,000 of his supporters were arrested. Among those who fled Guatemala was a young Argentine doctor, Che Guevara -- who went to Mexico, where he met Cuban rebel leader Fidel Castro.

What company controlled large parts of the Guatemala economy during the cold war.

a.	United Fruit of Boston	c.	U.S. Steel and Fruit
b.	Guatemala utilities corporation	d.	Central America Fruit

Why did American officials suspect that Jacobo Arbenz might be a communist?

a.	Many of his associates were communist	c.	Both of these answers are true
b.	He used land reform to confiscate farm land the way other communists had done in Cuba and China	d.	Neither of these reasons suggest that he is a communist

Why did the CIA help to bring down the Guatemala government?

a.	The U.S. did not want Che Guevara to take over Guatemala and Mexico	c.	The U.S. thought that a communist government in Central America was a threat to U.S. security
b.	Both of these are true	d.	Neither of these reasons are true

What was the name of the U.S. policy that said the Europeans had to stay out of the American hemisphere?

a.	The CIA handbook on rules of engagement	c.	The Communist Manifesto
b.	The Emancipation Proclamation	d.	The Monroe Doctrine

CUBA
By the end of the 1950s, Fidel Castro and Che Guevara had triumphed in Cuba -- establishing a communist regime that soon allied itself with the Soviet Union. In 1961, the new U.S. president, John F. Kennedy, inherited a CIA scheme to send an army of exiles to Cuba to overthrow Castro -- a plan that had worked earlier against Arbenz in Guatemala. But the CIA-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion against Castro was a disaster.
After defeating the U.S.-backed forces, Castro wanted to take armed revolution into Central and South America. By the early 1960s, left-wing groups were fighting the authorities in Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia and Peru. The United States grew nervous; in 1965, U.S. Marines were sent to the Dominican Republic to end a democratic revolution that Washington believed was backed by the Cubans. Cuba's real efforts to export revolution, meanwhile, met with mixed results. In 1967, Che Guevara, who had called for "100 Vietnams," was captured alive in the jungles of Bolivia and shot dead hours later.

Fidel Castro and Che Guevara were a threat to the U.S. because

a.	they wanted to control the fruit market	c.	they wanted to export communism to the U.S.
b.	they were communists and would probably allow the Soviets to establish bases in Central America	d.	All of these are true

Many Americans had helped Fidel Castro to come to power in Cuba and were shocked to learn that he was a communist. What did Castro do after he came to power in Cuba?

a.	Tried to overthrow the government of the United States	c.	Established peaceful relationships with the other governments of Central America
b.	Told the Soviet Union it could not establish communist control in Central America	d.	Tried to start other communist revolutions throughout Central America

When Che Guevara called for 100 Vietnams he was

a.	calling for North Vietnam to take over in Central America	c.	peaceful relations with the U.S.
b.	calling for war against the U.S.	d.	an alliance with the U.S. like South Vietnam had

Why did President Eisenhower send marines to the Dominican Republic

a.	The Soviets were installing missile bases in the Dominican Republic	c.	He wanted to establish a U.S. base there
b.	He wanted to stop Dominican immigration	d.	He thought the revolution there was backed by communist Cuba

	CHILE Chile had been calm in the 1960s. But in 1970 a left-center coalition sought electoral victory. Unidad Popular was led by a Marxist doctor, Sen. Salvador Allende. U.S. businesses and the CIA tried -- and failed -- to prevent Allende from being elected president of Chile. Allende's first big step was the nationalization of copper, Chile's biggest industry, which was still effectively under U.S. control. He pressed on with what he called his "Social Revolution." Chilean peasants began to seize land. The Chilean economy was increasingly put under state control -- a move that upset overseas financiers. The World Bank cut off credits to Chile.
Inflation and economic problems mounted. CIA money helped pay for Chilean truck owners to bring the country to a standstill. At the United Nations, Allende accused telecommunications conglomerate ITT of trying to provoke a civil war. On September 11, 1973, Allende was violently ousted by the head of his military, Gen. Augusto Pinochet. Allende was found dead after the Moneda, the presidential palace, had been set ablaze. Following the coup, Pinochet had hundreds of political suspects rounded up. Many were never seen again.

The events in Chili after Allende took power most closely resemble the events in _____ after ______ took power

a.	Cuba - Che Guevara	c.	Bolivia - Che Guevara
b.	Cuba - Castro	d.	China - Khrushchev

10.

The Marxist economic policies under Allende

a.	were good for most of the people of Chili and resulted in prosperity	c.	were a disaster for Chili and helped to cause civil unrest
b.	were favored by the U.S.	d.	would eventually lead to Capitalism

11.

During the Cold War civil unrest, and Marxist leaders brought many countries under the control of communist governments that eventually became client states of the Soviet Union. The U.S. saw that happening in Chili and were happy when _____ took control and brought a pro West government to power in Chili

a.	Gen. Augusto Pinochet	c.	Che Guevara
b.	Salvador Allende	d.	General Carl Marx

12.

The philosopher who developed modern communism was Karl Marx. Those leaders who described themselves as Marxists were assumed by the U.S. to be communists. Which of the people below described themselves as Marxists?

a.	Castro	c.	Guevara
b.	Alliende	d.	all of these

13.

Chili is a country in

a.	Central America	c.	The Caribbean
b.	South America	d.	North America

CENTRAL AMERICA
In the 1930s in Nicaragua, U.S. Marines had helped put dictator Tacho Somoza into power. Forty years later, Nicaragua was still ruled by a Somoza. After years of fighting, guerrillas who called themselves Sandinista, after the name of a 1930s anti-U.S. rebel, ousted Somoza in 1979. The Sandinistas allied themselves with Cuba and attempted to bring a Marxist order to their country. But they found themselves being challenged by a counter-rebellion -- the Contras.
At the same time, in neighboring El Salvador, protests had broken out against right-wing military rule. Catholic Archbishop Oscar Romero was among those who spoke out. In March 1980, as he was saying Mass in a private chapel, the archbishop was assassinated. At Romero's funeral, mourners were fired upon -- and many died. Later in the year three U.S. nuns and a female lay worker were kidnapped, raped and killed by men later discovered to be part of El Salvador's National Guard. The U.S. briefly, and temporarily, withdrew aid to the Salvadoran military. Meanwhile, Salvadoran guerrillas expanded their campaign against the government
One of the reasons the U.S. was concerned about Marxist revolutions in Central and South America was the :Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is America’s link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans The U.S. was concerned that the Soviets would control traffic through the Canal if Marxists took control of the Caribbean.

14.

What was the name of the Marxist rebel group fighting against the government in Nicaragua?

a.	the Contras	c.	the Somozas
b.	the Sandinistas	d.	the CIA

15.

What was the name of the pro U.S. leader of Nicaragua who was trying to fight off the Marxist rebels?

a.	Manuael Contra	c.	Jose Sandinistas
b.	Somoza	d.	Guevara

16.

What was the name of the counter-rebel group fighting against the Sandinistas?

a.	the Contras	c.	the Pan
b.	the Marxist Brigade	d.	the Pri revolutionary party

17.

What did the U.S. do in response to the killing of three nuns in El Salvador in the 80’s?

a.	It send marines to restore peace	c.	it withdrew aid from the El Salvador government
b.	it increased aid to the El Salvador government	d.	nothing

18.

The U.S. believed that _____ could control shipping in the Caribbean if local communists were to take control of Central American governments.

a.	China	c.	Capitalists
b.	the Soviet Union	d.	Great Britain

ENGAGEMENT
As the fighting continued in Central America, Washington was planning another operation -- on the British-governed Caribbean island of Grenada. When Grenada's left-wing prime minister, Maurice Bishop, was assassinated by extreme Marxists in 1983, the U.S. military had an invasion plan ready for Reagan's approval. The Marxists were building an airfield that could accommodate Soviet military planes and the U.S. believed this was an attempt to establish a Soviet military base in the Caribbean. Reagan sent marines to Grenada and the invasion, weakly opposed by a group of Cuban advisers on Grenada, was over in a few days. Within six weeks, the invasion was a success and American troops left Grenada
The Reagan administration also was funding Nicaragua's Contra rebels. At first the U.S. Congress supported the Contras but then cut off aid to them. The Reagan administration believed that it was wrong to send the Contras into battle and then withdraw aid from them. An aide to Ronald Reagan, named Oliver North, came up with an idea to support the Contras. He sold military supplies to Israel who then sold the supplies to Iran. Oliver North then used the money to buy military supplies for the Contras. The affair became known as “The Iran-Contra scandal.” Congress held hearings on the matter but the American public clearly supported Colonial North.
By 1990, Nicaragua agreed to open and free elections, and Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega asked the Nicaraguan people to elect him president. His opponent was Violeta Chamorro, the widow of Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, an opposition leader killed during the Somoza regime. When the votes were tallied, Chamorro won a narrow, yet stunning victory. The superpower struggle in Central America had given way to a quiet revolution at the ballot box and a government opposed to communism had won.

19.

Why did the U.S. invade Grenada

a.	Grenada was building an airfield big enough to accommodate Soviet military aircraft.	c.	The Grenada army was threatening its neighbors
b.	Grenada refused to ship oil and banana’s to the U.S.	d.	Grenada was sending revolutionary agents into the U.S.

20.

Who was funding the Nicaragua's Contra rebels?

a.	The Soviet Union	c.	China
b.	Cuba	d.	The Reagan Administration

21.

What was the money from the Iran Contra scandal used for?

a.	purchase arms for the Contras in Nicaragua	c.	provide funds for the Reagan administration
b.	purchase arms for the Contras in Cuba	d.	make Oliver North rich

22.

Who was president of the U.S. for most of the 1980’s

a.	Lyndon Johnson	c.	Ronald Reagan
b.	Jimmy Carter	d.	Richard Nixon

23.

What country was not involved in the Iran-Contra scandal?

a.	Iran	c.	Cuba
b.	Israel	d.	the United States

24.

When the people of Nicaragua were given a chance to vote for the government of their choice they elected

a.	a communist government	c.	a pro Soviet government
b.	a non-communist government	d.	a Cuban style government

25.

Who was the person or persons who conceived and carried out the Iran-Contra deal?

a.	Daniel Ortega	c.	Colonial Oliver North
b.	Pedro Joaquin Chamorro	d.	Ronald Reagan

Short Answer

26.

Explain the Monroe Doctrine (your own words)