His Ch23-1b

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His Ch23-1b

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Native Americans Struggle for Equality

Many people view Native Americans, like Latinos, as one group, despite the hundreds of distinct Native American tribes and nations in the United States. During the 1960s, many Native Americans joined together to demand improvements in their conditions.

What do Latino’s and Native Americans have in common?

a.	they are often viewed as a single group, rather than diverse groups	c.	they both speak mostly Spanish
b.	they are ethnic groups with a single identity	d.	neither group are allowed to own land in the United States

When did Native Americans begin to demand improvements in their condition?

a.	1960s	c.	1980s
b.	1990s	d.	2001

NATIVE AMERICANS SEEK GREATER AUTONOMY

Vine Deloria & Vine Deloria Jr

Despite their cultural diversity, Native Americans have shared many of the same problems throughout the 20th century. As a group, Native Americans have been the poorest of Americans and have suffered from the highest unemployment rate. They have been more likely than any other group to suffer serious health problems, such as tuberculosis and alcoholism. Despite an increase in the Native American population during the 1960s, the death rate among Native American infants was nearly twice the national average, while the life expectancy of Native Americans was several years lower than for other Americans.

In an attempt to deal with these problems, the Eisenhower administration in 1953 enacted a termination policy designed to relocate Native Americans from isolated reservations into mainstream urban American life. The plan failed miserably. Most of the Native Americans who moved to the cities remained desperately poor.

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In addition, many Native Americans refused to assimilate, or blend, into mainstream society. Native American nationalist Vine Deloria, Jr., expressed his opinion that young Native Americans viewed mainstream America as nothing more than "ice cream bars and heart trouble and neurosis and deodorants and getting up at six o'clock in the morning to mow your lawn in the suburbs." Deloria added that "when you get far enough from the reservation, you can see it's the urban man who has no identity." and govern their own lives.

In 1961, representatives from 67 Native American groups met in Chicago and drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose, which stressed the determination of Native Americans to "choose our own way of life." The declaration called for an end to the termination program in favor of new policies designed to create economic opportunities for Native Americans on their reservations . In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson responded to the Native Americans' call for more self-determination . As part of his Great Society program, Johnson established the National Council on Indian Opportunity to "ensure that programs reflect the needs and desires of the Indian people."

In spite of the fact that they own a great deal of land in the United States, throughout the 20th century Native Americans

a.	have poor health	d.	have high birth death rates
b.	are financially poor	e.	all of these
c.	have a shorter life expectancy

How did the Eisenhower attempt to deal with Native American problems.

a.	started a Termination program which built schools and hospitals on the reservations	d.	none of these is true
b.	started a Termination program that sent young American College students to the reservations to help Native Americans	e.	all of these are true
c.	started a Termination program, which was a great failure

What was the central idea of the Termination program?

a.	build schools and hospitals on the reservation	c.	assimilate Native Americans into American society
b.	build up the economy of the reservations	d.	isolate Native Americans from American society

Native American Vine Deloria, Jr

a.	wanted to integrate into American society	c.	believed that Native Americans were citizens of the world rather than a distinct ethnic group
b.	was a nationalist who did not want to be part of American society	d.	was a communist

In 1961, representatives from 67 Native American groups met in Chicago and drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose, What was the purpose of this declaration?

a.	help the Native Americans to assimilate into American society	c.	campaign for more the rights of Native Americans to make treaties with foreign countries
b.	help Native Americans to become more independent from American society	d.	none of these were a goal of the Declaration of Indian Purpose

What program did President Lyndon Johnson use to establish the National Council on Indian Opportunity?

a.	the Square Deal Program	d.	the Great Society
b.	the No Child Left Behind Act	e.	the Declaration of Indian Purpose Act
c.	the New Frontier Program

VOICES OF PROTEST

Despite a change in the government's policies, many young Native Americans were dissatisfied with the slow pace of reform. Their discontent led in part to the growth of the American Indian Movement (AIM), an often militant Native American rights organization . AIM had begun in 1968 in Minneapolis as a self-defense group against the local police. However, it soon turned its attention to the larger issue of Native American rights and branched out to northern and western states with large Native American populations

The American Indian Movement was started in 1968 for what purpose?

a.	to fight against perceived brutality by the local police	c.	to campaign for more help from the U.S. government
b.	to get more medical care for the Indian community	d.	to police the Indian reservations to keep down the crime rate

10.

AIM evolved into an organization to

a.	get more Native Americans elected to political office	c.	promote education of Native American youth
b.	protect Indian rights	d.	promote the development of businesses and farms that would create more jobs for the Native American community

CONFRONTING THE GOVERNMENT

Alcatraz

In its early years, AIM, as well as other groups, actively-and sometimes violently-confronted the government as it sought greater reforms for Native Americans. In November 1969, militants calling themselves the Indians of All Tribes seized Alcatraz Island, the site of a former federal prison in San Francisco Bay. While claiming the federally owned island as Native American territory "by right of discovery," they offered to pay for it with $24 in beads and cloth-the amount Dutch settlers paid native inhabitants for Manhattan Island in 1626. The group occupied the island for 18 months before federal officials finally removed them .

In 1972, AIM leader Russell Means organized a march known as the Trail of Broken Treaties in Washington, D .C., to protest the U .S . government's numerous treaty violations with Native Americans throughout history. Native Americans from across the country joined the marchers. The organizers called for the restoration of 110 million acres of land to Native American tribes . They also pushed for the abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), an agency that many believed was inefficient and corrupt . The marchers temporarily occupied the BIA building, destroyed records, and caused $2 million in property damage.

The most violent demonstration occurred a year later, when AIM led nearly 200 Sioux to the tiny village of Wounded Knee, South Dakota-where the U .S. cavalry had massacred a Sioux village in 1890. To protest living conditions on their reservation, the Sioux seized the town and took eleven people hostage. After ten weeks of tense negotiations with the FBI, the situation erupted in a shootout that left one Native American dead and another one wounded and two federal agents wounded. The confrontation ended with a government promise to reexamine Native American treaty rights

11.

What methods did AIM use in confronting the government?

a.	they copied the non-violent methods of Dr. Martin Luther King	c.	violence and confrontation
b.	they used the law by filing law suites against the government	d.	peaceful negotiation

12.

What federally owned island did AIM take over in 1969?

a.	Manhattan	c.	Alcatraz Island
b.	Terminal Island in San Francisco	d.	Wounded Knee Island

13.

How long did the federal government wait before ejecting AIM from their takeover of Alcatraz?

a.	15 days	c.	18 months
b.	30 days	d.	12 months

14.

What was the name of the famous leader of the American Indian Movement (AIM)?

a.	Russell Means	c.	Nighthorse Campbell
b.	Charles Lightfoot	d.	William Jefferson Clinton

15.

The United States had a federal agency for the purpose of dealing with issues that involved Native Americans. The American Indian Movement (AIM) did not like the agency. What was the agencies name?

a.	Federal Bureau of Investigations	c.	Bureau of Indian Affairs
b.	Federal Bureau of Indian Investigations	d.	the Department of American Indian Matters (AIM)

16.

What happened in the town of Wounded Knee in South Dakota in 1973?

a.	AIM conducted a peaceful protest	c.	AIM killed several FBI agents
b.	The FBI took over the Indian Town of Wounded Knee	d.	AIM took over the town and took hostages

17.

What was the outcome of the confrontation between the FBI and AIM at Wounded Knee?

a.	two federal agents were wounded	d.	all of these
b.	one AIM member was killed	e.	none of these
c.	the government promised to re-examine Native American treaty rights

NATIVE AMERICAN VICTORIES

Although some of their actions led only to violence and stalemate, Native Americans did secure a number of reforms from both Congress and the federal courts . Congress passed the Indian Education Act in 1972 and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act in 1975. These laws gave tribes much greater control over their own affairs and especially over the education of their children. "This is the most wonderful revolution in Indian Country," commented a Native American educator, "the right to educate on our own terms."

Native Americans also regained rights to land through court action . Armed with copies of old land treaties that the U.S . government had broken, Native American groups took their cases to federal court, where they demanded portions of their land back. In 1970, the Taos of New Mexico regained possession of their sacred Blue Lake, as well as a portion of its surrounding forest land. Land claims by the Aleut and Inuit tribes of Alaska resulted in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. This act gave more than 40 million acres to native peoples and paid out more than $962 million in cash. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Native Americans in Maine, Massachusetts, and South Carolina won settlements that provided legal recognition of their tribal lands as well as financial compensation.

With Latinos and Native Americans rising up in the midst of African Americans' struggle for change, the 1960s and the early 1970s saw a wave of activism from the nation's minority groups. However, another group of Americans also pushed for changes during this era. Women, while not a minority group, felt in many ways like second-class citizens, and many joined together to demand equal treatment in society.

18.

How did Native Americans achieve their greatest victories in the 60s and 70s

a.	through the violent demonstration of AIM	c.	through non-violent protest in the south, following the model of Dr. King
b.	from laws passed by congress and actions by the courts	d.	Native Americans did not have any victories or make any progress in the 60s and 70s

19.

What did the Indian Education Act in 1972 and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act do for Native Americans?

a.	Allowed Indian children to integrate with white children in the cities	c.	gave Native Americans more autonomy over the education of Indian children
b.	set up a school bussing program that forced town children to go to schools on the reservations.	d.	none of these

20.

While many of the Native Americans in the lower United States made progress in the 60s and 70s, the Aleut and Inuit tribes of Alaska were ignored.

true

false