His Ch23-2

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His Ch23-2

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

A. A New Women's Movement Arises

The theory behind the women's movement of the 1960s was feminism, the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men. Feminist beliefs gained momentum during the mid-1800s and led to woman suffrage, or women's right to vote, in 1920 . The women's movement declined after this achievement. However, it reawakened during the 1960s, when many women began to recognize their social and economic inequality. This realization helped spark a new, powerful feminist movement.

The theory behind the women's movement of the 1960s was feminism. What is feminism?

a.	women should have social equality with men (social respect)	d.	all of these
b.	women should have economic equality with men (equal pay)	e.	none of these
c.	women should have political equality with men (women in politics)

What year did women get the right to vote (suffrage)

a.	1910	c.	1960
b.	1920	d.	1970

B. WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE

By 1960, the number of women joining the work force was on the rise. In 1950, only one out of three women had worked for wages. By 1960, more than 40 percent of all women had jobs outside the home, and women made up a third of the nation's work force. While their numbers were growing, however, working women experienced widespread job and wage discrimination . Many occupations were considered "men's work" and were closed to women. The jobs available to women-mostly clerical work, domestic service, retail sales, social work, teaching, and nursing-paid poorly. The country largely ignored the discrimination women faced in the workplace, until President Kennedy appointed the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in 1961. In 1963, the commission reported that women were paid far less than men, even when doing the same jobs. Furthermore, women were seldom promoted to management positions, regardless of their education, experience, and ability. The discrimination that women faced in the workplace awakened many women to their unequal status in society.

Who appointed a commission to study the condition of women in the workplace in 1961?

a.	Lyndon Johnson	c.	Richard Nixon
b.	John F. Kennedy	d.	none of these

In 1961 about 40 percent of women worked outside the home. Which job below might they have a chance of getting?

a.	school principal	d.	engineer
b.	business executive	e.	hotel manager
c.	school teacher

Although many jobs were closed to women, they generally got the same pay if they did the same work?

true

false

C. SOCIAL ACTIVISM INSPIRES WOMEN

Other sources of discontent for women stemmed from their involvement in the civil rights and antiwar movements. Although both movements inspired many women to take action on behalf of their beliefs, the discrimination they faced within the movements made them acutely aware of their inferior social status .

In these organizations, men led most of the activities, while women were assigned lesser roles . When women protested, the men usually brushed them aside. When activist Shulamith Firestone tried to raise the issue of women's rights with antiwar activists, one man told her, "Move on little girl; we have more important issues to talk about here than women's liberation ."

Despite their activism, women were not given leadership roles in the civil rights movement

Such experiences led some women to organize small groups to discuss their concerns. During these discussions, or "consciousness-raising" sessions, women shared their lives with each other and discovered that their experiences were not unique . Rather, they reflected a much larger pattern of sexism, or discrimination against women.

Which statement is true?

a.	In the civil rights movement, women found the equality they were looking for	c.	Disrespect for women came only from the “conservative” parts of American society
b.	Women who joined the anti-war movement were treated with respect and equality	d.	Women found little equality in the civil rights or anti-war movements of the 60s

Women formed small groups to discuss their problems and the discrimination they experienced in society. What were these groups called?

a.	reality therapy discussions	c.	transcendental meditation experiences
b.	consciousness-raising" sessions	d.	global awareness discussions

D. THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT EMERGES

In 1963, Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique, which captured the very discontent that many women were feeling. The book quickly became a bestseller. From across the country, women wrote to Friedan to thank her for exposing "the problem that has no name" and to tell her their own painful stories. "Thank God someone had the insight and courage to write it," an Iowa woman wrote .

Friedan's book helped galvanize a number of women throughout the nation . By the late 1960s, women across the country were coming together to work for change . "This is not a movement one `joins,"' observed Robin Morgan. "The Women's Liberation movement exists where three or four friends or neighbors decide to meet regularly . . . on the welfare lines, in the supermarket, the factory, the convent, the farm, the maternity ward. . .

What effect did Betty Friedan’s book, “The Feminine Mystique,” have on women?

a.	made them aware of their condition	d.	none of these
b.	galvanized (motivated) them to take action	e.	all of these
c.	got them talking to each other about their problems

E. The Womens Movement Experiences Gains

As the women's movement grew, it achieved remarkable political and social gains for women.

THE CREATION OF NOW

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, and national origin-had. There was also a provision outlawing discrimination based on gender. One result of the gender provision was that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)-an organization set up to investigate discrimination claims by African Americans and women's job complaints.

By 1966, however, some women voiced dissatisfaction with the EEOC. They argued that the commission showed an overall lack of attention toward the flood of women's grievances . That year, several women, including Betty Friedan, created the National Organization for Women (NOW) to pursue more actively women's goals .

NOW moved into action quickly. Its members pushed for the creation of more child-care facilities and for improved educational opportunities for women. NOW also pressured the EEOC to enforce more vigorously the ban on gender discrimination in hiring . NOW's efforts prompted the EEOC to declare sex-segregated job ads illegal and issue guidelines to employers, stating that they could no longer refuse to hire women for traditionally male jobs .

Betty Friedan
Helped to found NOW

Which type of discrimination did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 fail to address?,

a.	discrimination based on race	d.	discrimination based on national origin
b.	discrimination based on gender	e.	the act addressed all of these forms of discrimination
c.	discrimination based on religion

10.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The purpose of this commission was to investigate discrimination against African Americans and women in

a.	housing	c.	hiring
b.	borrowing money	d.	education

11.

What motivated Betty Friedan and others to form the National Organization for Women (NOW)?

a.	the EEOC was not paying enough attention to women’s complaints	c.	the government would not allow women to take combat roles in the military
b.	the Civil Rights Bill of 64 did not say anything about women	d.	women were being denied proper medical attention

12.

Which goal did NOW fail to address

a.	improved educational opportunities	d.	more child-care facilities
b.	ban on gender discrimination in hiring	e.	NOW addressed all of these issues
c.	sex-segregated job ads

F. A DIVERSE MOVEMENT

In its first three years, NOW's ranks swelled from 300 to 175,000 members. Outside of NOW, a number of other women's groups sprang up around the country. In 1968 a militant group known as the New York Radical Women staged a well-publicized demonstration at the annual Miss America Pageant. To protest the concept of judging women's beauty, the women threw bras, girdles, wigs, and other "women's garbage" into a "Freedom Trash Can." They then crowned a sheep as "Miss America ." In 1971, journalist Gloria Steinem helped found the National Women's Political Caucus, a group that encouraged women to seek political office.

The radicals and moderates within the movement often quarreled over strategy. However, these diverse factions put aside their differences in August 1970 to join in the largest women's rights demonstration ever. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of woman suffrage, tens of thousands of women gathered from around the country and marched through New York City to promote women's equality.

By the early 1970s, the women's movement had scored several victories on the political and social fronts . In 1972, Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activities receiving federal financial assistance," as part of the Higher Education Act. (called Title 9) As a result, several all-male colleges opened their doors to women. That same year, Congress expanded the enforcement powers of the EEOC and gave working parents a tax break for child-care expenses.

13.

Which statement is true?

a.	NOW sought to have the wearing of bras in the workplace banned	d.	Women adopted the sheep as a symbol for the womens movement
b.	In the early 70s NOW, as well as other women’s, groups grew in numbers to become the “Womens Movement.”	e.	all of these are true
c.	Women were happy about the Miss America pageant because it recognized the talent and beauty of American women

14.

According to the Higher Education Act.of 1972

a.	private schools could not ban girls from auto shop classes	d.	none of these are true
b.	public and private school programs could not discriminate against women if they took federal funds	e.	boys in public schools were forced to take classes in cooking and sewing
c.	whether or not a school or program received federal funds did not effect discrimination practices

15.

Gloria Steinem was mainly interested in helping women

a.	get better jobs in the corporate world	c.	to run for political office
b.	get administrative jobs in education	d.	to legalize abortion

G. ROE V. WADE

One of the more controversial issues that NOW and other feminist groups supported was a woman's right to have an abortion. In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in the case Roe v. Wade that women had the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. In an editorial on the decision, the New York Times expressed hope that the ruling might "bring to an end the emotional and divisive public argument." However, this did not happen . Americans today remain divided over the abortion issue .

16.

What did the Supreme Court rule in 1973 in the Roe v. Wade decision

a.	that women had a right to an abortion at any time (abortion on demand)	c.	that women had a right to an abortion in the first 3 months of pregnancy
b.	that teenagers did not have to tell their parents to get an abortion	d.	that women did not have a right to an abortion unless their life was in danger because of the pregnancy

17.

Roe v. Wade was a popular decision in 73 and almost all Americans now support the decision.

true

false

H. THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT

In what seemed at first to be another triumph for the women's movement, Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1972. This was a constitutional amendment that needed ratification by 38 states-three-quarters of the 50 states-to become part of the Constitution. The ERA, which had first been introduced to Congress in 1923, would have guaranteed that

"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex ."

The ERA supporters argued that the amendment was needed to make sure that men and women could not be treated differently under the law solely because of their gender. It was, they said, a matter of "simple justice." Opponents argued that the amendment was poorly written and failed to define what “rights” meant.

In spite of several extensions in time, the Equal Rights Amendment failed to get the required 38 states for ratification. It never did become part of the constitution.

18.

How many states are needed to ratify a change to the constitution?

a.	50	c.	two thirds
b.	one half	d.	three quarters

19.

The Equal Rights Amendment was mainly concerned with the rights of

a.	African Americans	c.	Women
b.	Latino’s	d.	Children

20.

When was the Equal Rights Amendment to the constitution first introduced in congress?

a.	1920	c.	1971
b.	1923	d.	1972

21.

What eventually happened to the ERA?

a.	it passed and is now Amendment 27 to the constitution	c.	it failed to get the approval of the required number of states and it died
b.	it is still in the process of being voted on	d.	it passed and is now Amendment 26 to the constitution

I. CONSERVATIVES AND THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT

Phyllis Schlafly

The ERA amendment sparked fierce opposition from conservative religious groups, political organizations, and many women who opposed the feminist movement. These groups raised fears that the ERA would lead to "a parade of horribles," such as the drafting of women, the end of laws protecting homemakers, and same-sex marriages . One prominent ERA opponent was Phyllis Schlafly. In 1972, Schlafly founded and became national chairman of the Stop-ERA campaign. Schlafly characterized the ERA as the work of radical feminists who "hate men, marriage, and children" and whose oppression existed "only in their distorted minds."

The Stop-ERA campaign also attracted support from many women who feared its impact on families . Many worried that the amendment would end a husband's responsibility to provide support to his wife and children. They feared that broken families would produce broken children.

22.

Who were the main opponents of the ERA?

a.	Conservatives	c.	Socialists
b.	Liberals	d.	Communists

23.

Social Conservatives warned that passage of the ERA would lead to

a.	same-sex marriages	d.	drafting of women in the military
b.	all of these	e.	none of these
c.	end of laws protecting homemakers

24.

Phyllis Schlafly was

a.	a Social Conservative opposed to the ERA	c.	a founder and member of NOW who supported the ERA
b.	a feminist who supported the ERA	d.	a Socialist who opposed the ERA

25.

Many moderate women opposed the ERA because

a.	it did not go far enough	c.	they were afraid of their husbands
b.	they feared the impact of the ERA on family life	d.	it might endanger a womens right to vote

J. Pro Family Movement

Pro family

anti-abortion movement

During the 1970s, conservatives built on their opposition to the ERA and the Roe v. Wade abortion decision by gaining support for what they called a new "pro-family" movement. Jo Anne Gasper, editor of a newsletter entitled The Right Woman, described this movement as a "broad-based coalition of social conservatives who recognize the value of the person, the importance of the family, the rights and responsibilities of parents, and the importance of restricting government so that there can be personal freedom."

This coalition of social conservatives-which focused on social, cultural, and moral issues-came to be known as the New Right.* The New Right and the women's movement debated family-centered issues such as federally funded day care, which the New Right opposed. Throughout the 1970s, the New Right built grassroots support for social conservatism ; in fact, it would play a key role in the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency in 1980.

* (In politics, people on the right are called conservatives while people on the left are called liberals)

26.

The social conservatives in the pro-family movement recognized

a.	the rights and responsibilities of parents	d.	all of these
b.	the importance of the family	e.	none of these - social conservatives only care about themselves
c.	the importance of restricting government so that there can be personal freedom

27.

What was the New Right?

a.	a coalition (group) of conservatives who cared about family issues	c.	a coalition of women who worked to pass the ERA
b.	a group of feminists who tried to protect a womans right to an abortion	d.	none of these

28.

Ronald Reagan supported

a.	New Right Conservatives	c.	Social Liberals
b.	New Left Liberals	d.	Socialists

K. The Movement's Legacy

The New Right and the women's movement clashed most dramatically over ERA, By 1977, the ERA had won approval from 35 of the 38 states needed to ratify the amendment. At that point, however, the amendment stalled, as opposition to the ERA gained strength . By the end of 1982 (the deadline for ratification), no other states had approved the amendment. The ERA went down in defeat . Despite ERAS defeat, the women's movement succeeded in opening up new opportunities for American women and dramatically altering their roles in society.

For instance, the movement left its mark on education. In 1970, 8 percent of all medical school graduates and 5 percent of all law school graduates were women. By 1992, those proportions had risen to 36 and 43 percent, respectively.

The women's movement also changed the way women looked at work and careers. In the 1950s, most women who took jobs had done so mainly to "help out." By the 1970s, many women were preparing themselves for lifetime careers. Still, many women ran into a "glass ceiling"- an invisible, but very real, resistance to promoting women into top positions. The women's movement brought women into the political arena in growing numbers. Women held only 3.5 percent of elected state offices in 1969. By 1996, 25 percent of elected state officeholders were women. The number of women in Congress also has increased-from 19 in 1975 to 60 in 1997. Most of all, the women's movement helped countless women open their lives to new possibilities. "We have lived the second American revolution," wrote Betty Friedan in 1976

In most nations of the world, Africa, Asia, South America and the Middle East, women are little more than slaves and live as they have for thousands of years. In America, thanks to women like Betty Friedan and the womans movement, women are free, strong and important members of our society who help to make our nation a better place to live for everyone, men and women.

Empowered Women

Rosie the Riviter WWII

29.

The women’s movement

a.	brought many new women into politics	d.	helped women to achieve a new sense of dignity, self worth and independence
b.	helped women to develop careers in traditional male dominated professions	e.	all of these
c.	opened male dominated schools to women

30.

Martin Luther King is to the civil rights movement as Betty Friedan is to

a.	NOW National Organization of Women	c.	feminist movement
b.	ERA Equal Rights Amendment	d.	social conservative movement