HIS CST PREP 2

Name:

HIS CST PREP 2

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Richard Nixon came to the office of President vowing to help heal the deep divisions and social conflicts of the 1960’s. He wanted to bring America together. In some ways he did help to heal the divisions of the 1960’s and in other ways he did not.

It was November of 1968 and Richard M. Nixon had just been elected president of the United States . President-elect Nixon asked Henry Kissinger to be his special adviser on foreign affairs . Kissinger did not particularly like Nixon, but he accepted, telling a surprised colleague, "I'm working for the presidency, not for Richard Nixon personally." However, in time the two men grew to be trusting colleagues . At the beginning of Nixon's second term in 1972, as the United States struggled to achieve an honorable peace in Vietnam, Kissinger finally came to respect Nixon for his vision and the two men did a great deal to promote world peace. They ended the Vietnam War and laid the foundation for the end of the cold war.

Nixon and Kissinger ended America's involvement in Vietnam. As the war wound down, the nation seemed to enter an era of limits . There were limits to U.S . power, as the nation's military had not been able to save South Vietnam from becoming Communist . Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs seemed limited in their ability to eliminate poverty. And as the 1970s progressed, there seemed to be limits to the economic prosperity that the nation had experienced since World War II .

Into this era stepped a president who believed that there were also limits to what the federal government could accomplish. President Nixon would take action to reduce the power of the federal .government (the U.S. government) and reverse the liberal policies of Lyndon Johnson. At the same time, he would seek to restore America's prestige and influence on the world stage-prestige that had been hit hard by the Vietnam experience .

Richard Nixon

Henry Kissinger

Which statement is true?

a.	Richard Nixon tried to expand the Great Society programs started by President Johnson	d.	Richard Nixon worked to make the U.S. government bigger
b.	Richard Nixon realized there were limits on what the government could do and tried to limit the growth of Great Society programs	e.	None of these statements are true
c.	Richard Nixon did not care about domestic policies

Which statement is true?

a.	The United States was able to prevent Vietnam from uniting under communism	d.	none of these statements are true
b.	The United States was able to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist	e.	all of these statements are true
c.	In spite of the efforts of the United States, all of Vietnam became communist

Nixon's New Conservatism

A liberal can be described as someone who is in favor of a bigger central government. A conservative is someone who favors a smaller central government with more power going to the states and local communities. President Richard M. Nixon entered office determined to turn America in a more conservative direction . Toward that end, he decreased the power of the federal government, dismantled a number of Great Society programs, and tried to instill a sense of order into a nation still divided over the continuing Vietnam War.

Richard Nixon was a _____ while Lyndon Johnson was a _____ .

a.	conservative - liberal	c.	liberal - liberal
b.	liberal - conservative	d.	conservative - conservative

Conservatives think the Federal (U.S.) government should be

a.	bigger	c.	about the same size
b.	smaller	d.	not an issue for conservatives

NEW FEDERALISM'S TWO FACES

In the end, Nixon's New Federalism enhanced several key federal programs as it dismantled others . Nixon was a Republican and the Congress was controlled by the Democrats. With the House and Senate in the hands of Democratic majorities, Nixon initially sought compromise on Capitol Hill as he attempted to move ahead with his New Federalism program. For example, Nixon supported a number of measures to increase federal spending for some social programs. Without fanfare, the Nixon administration increased Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid payments and made food stamps more accessible. Nixon also supported subsidized housing for low- and middle-income families, and he expanded the nation's job Corps program. Because he performed these actions quietly, he did not receive much credit for these attempts to help the poor.

However, the spirit of compromise between Congress and the White House soon deteriorated. Confronted by laws that he opposed, Nixon turned to a little-used presidential practice called impoundment. Nixon impounded, or refused to spend money for programs he opposed, thus holding up their implementation . By 1973, Nixon had impounded almost $15 billion, affecting more than 100 federal programs, including those for health, housing, and education.

The federal courts eventually ordered the release of the impounded funds. They ruled that presidential impoundment was unconstitutional and that only Congress had the authority to decide how federal funds should be spent. However, in 1973 Nixon did use his presidential authority to abolish the Office of Economic Opportunity, a cornerstone of Johnson's antipoverty program.

The white house (the president) and the congress. Two branches of government that are sometimes in conflict with each other over issues

The White House (President)

The Capital Building
(Congress)

When congress passed laws that President Nixon did not agree with, he just refused to spend the money so the laws never went into effect. What was this tactic called?

a.	rescission	c.	filibuster
b.	impoundment	d.	veto

LAW-AND-ORDER POLITICS

As President Nixon fought with Congress, he also battled the more liberal elements of society, including the antiwar movement. Nixon had been elected in 1968 on a dual promise to end the war in Vietnam and mend the divisiveness within America that the war had created. Throughout his first term, Nixon aggressively moved to fulfill both these pledges. The president de-escalated America's involvement in Vietnam and oversaw peace negotiations with North Vietnam. At the same time, he began the "law and order" policies that he had promised his "silent majority"-those middle-class Americans who wanted order restored to a country beset by urban riots and antiwar demonstrations .

To accomplish this goal, Nixon used the full resources of his office-sometimes illegally. The FBI illegally wiretapped numerous left-wing individuals and organizations. The FBI also infiltrated the ranks of the Students for a Democratic Society and radical African-American groups in an effort to spread conflict within the organizations.

Vice President Spiro Agnew

In addition, the CIA investigated and compiled documents on thousands of American dissidents-people who objected to the government's policies . The administration even used the Internal Revenue Service to audit the tax returns of antiwar and civil rights activists. Viewing his opponents as personal assailants, Nixon began building an "enemies list" of prominent Americans whom the administration would harass . Remarked a top White House official, "anyone who opposes us, we'll destroy."

Nixon also enlisted the help of his combative vice-president, Spiro T. Agnew. In the fall of 1969, Nixon sent Agnew on a public speaking tour to attack the opposition . The vice-president repeatedly denounced the antiwar protesters and then turned his scorn on those who controlled the media, whom he viewed as liberal cheerleaders for the antiwar movement. Known for his colorful quotes, Agnew lashed out at the media and liberals as "an effete [weak] corps of impudent snobs," and "nattering nabobs of negativism ."

What two promises did Nixon make when he became president?

a.	Continue the Great Society programs of the Johnson administration and end the war in Vietnam	c.	End the war in Vietnam and build-up the American military
b.	Make the government bigger and heal the problems in American society.	d.	End the war in Vietnam and heal the divisions in American Society by bringing the people together.

Who was the “silent majority?”

a.	the majority of Americans who did not protest the war or riot, and wanted law and order in American society.	c.	the majority of the Anti-war movement who wanted to take a more violent approach in their protests
b.	the majority of the civil rights movement who wanted the movement to be more confrontational (violent)	d.	the young people in America

Nixon set out to infiltrate, undermine and destroy the anti-war movement in America. Which government agency did he use to achieve this goal?

a.	CIA	d.	all of these agencies
b.	FBI	e.	none of these agencies
c.	IRS

Nixon's Southern Strategy

Even as President Nixon worked to steer the country along a more conservative course, he had his eyes on the 1972 presidential election. Nixon had won a slim majority in 1968-less than one percent of the popular vote . Shortly after entering the White House, he began working to forge a new conservative coalition to build on his support. In one approach, known as the Southern strategy, Nixon tried to attract Southern conservative Democrats by appealing to their unhappiness with federal desegregation policies and a liberal Supreme Court.

In the Southern Strategy, Nixon tried to get unhappy Southern Democrats to turn Republican so he would get more votes in the next election in 1972. What were the Southern Conservative Democrats unhappy about?

a.	too much welfare	c.	desegregation and liberal Federal courts
b.	the Vietnam war	d.	segregation and voting rights

A NEW SOUTH

Since Reconstruction, the South had been a Democratic stronghold . But by 1968 many white Southern Democrats had grown disillusioned with their party. In their eyes, the party champion of the Great Society and civil rights-had grown too liberal. -`This conservative backlash first surfaced in the 1968 election, when thousands of Southern Democrats helped former Alabama governor George Wallace, a conservative segregationist running as an independent, carry five Southern states and capture 13.5 percent of the popular vote.

Nixon wanted these voters . By winning over the Wallace voters and other discontented Democrats, the president and his fellow Republicans hoped not only to keep the White House but also to recapture a majority in Congress .

NIXON SLOWS INTEGRATION

To attract white voters in the South, President Nixon decided on a policy of slowing the country's desegregation efforts . In September of 1969, shortly after being elected president, Nixon made clear his views on civil rights ."There are those who want instant integration and those who want segregation forever. I believe we need to have a middle course between those two extremes," he said.

10.

The southern Democrats who became unhappy with the Democrat party because of the liberal direction of the government became known as the ______

a.	Great Society	c.	civil rights movement
b.	Johnson Democrats	d.	conservative backlash

Throughout his first term, President Nixon worked to reverse several civil rights policies. In 1969, he ordered the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) to delay desegregation plans for school districts in South Carolina and Mississippi . Nixon's actions violated the Supreme Court's second Brown v. Board of Education ruling-which called for the desegregation of schools "with all deliberate speed." In response to an NAACP suit, the high court ordered Nixon to abide by the second Brown ruling . The president did so and by 1972, nearly 90 percent of children in the South attended desegregated schools, up from about 20 percent in 1969.

Nixon also opposed the extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The act had added nearly one million African Americans to the voting rolls. Despite the president's opposition, Congress voted to extend the act.

11.

Which statement is true?

a.	Nixon supported almost all of the civil rights goals of the NAACP	c.	Nixon thought the civil rights movement was part of a communist plot
b.	Nixon tried to delay the enforcement of civil rights laws to attract Southern white voters to the Republican party	d.	Nixon tried to delay the encforcement of civil rights laws to attract Southern white voters to the Democrat party

President Nixon then attempted to thwart yet another civil rights initiative-the integration of schools through busing. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education that school districts may bus students to other schools to end the pattern of all-black or all-white educational institutions . Busing meant removing students from their home schools and sending them across town to other schools in order to integrate. White students and parents in cities such as Boston and Detroit angrily protested busing. They did not want their children removed from their neighborhood schools and sent to inner-city schools across town. South Boston became the scene for many protests that were televised across the country. Busing was very unpopular with the American people.

Nixon also opposed integration through busing and went on national television to urge Congress to halt the practice . While busing continued in some cities, Nixon had made his position clear to the country-and to the South

12.

Which statement is true?

a.	Bussing meant transferring students from their home schools to schools in other parts of the city	d.	all of these statements are false
b.	The purpose of bussing was to integrate schools that were “all white” or “all black”	e.	all of these statements are true
c.	The Supreme court ordered bussing, in spite of the fact that most Americans opposed it.

13.

Liberals were _____ of bussing, while conservatives were _____ busing.

a.	against - in favor of	c.	against -- neutral on
b.	in favor - against	d.	neutral on - against

AN IMPERIAL PRESIDENCY

The U.S. Government is made up of three branches, the president, the congress and the supreme court. Over the course of the nation's history, the balance of power has shifted between these branches of the federal government. Sometimes the president is more powerful and sometimes the congress is more powerful. By the time Richard Nixon took office, the executive branch-(president) as a result of the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War-had become the most powerful branch. In his book The Imperial Presidency, the historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., argued that by the time of Richard Nixon, the executive branch had taken on an air of imperial, or supreme, authority.

President Nixon settled into this imperial role with ease . Nixon believed, as he told a newspaper reporter in 1980, that "a president must not be one of the crowd. . . . People . . . don't want him to be down there saying, `Look, I'm the same as you."' Like Franklin Roosevelt, Nixon expanded the power of the presidency and gave little thought to constitutional checks, as when he impounded funds for federal programs he opposed and ordered U.S . troops to invade Cambodia without congressional approval .

Franklin Roosevelt acted in much the same way. When the Supreme Court ruled that many of FDR’s New Deal programs were unconstitutional, he tried to pack the court with extra judges so they could not rule against him.

Two Imperial presidents:
FDR and Nixon

FDR

Richard Nixon

14.

Which statement below is true?

a.	each branch of government always has the same power	c.	according to the Constitution the supreme court is more powerful than the president or congress
b.	only the power of the president changes. The power of congress always stays the same.	d.	The constitution says that each branch of government is equal but over time the real power of one of the branches can change

A BUNGLED BURGLARY

In 1972 Richard Nixon ran for re-election. His opponent was Senator George McGovern. A large number of McGovern supporters were left wing radicals who were opposed to the war in Vietnam. Many of the young radicals were also supporters of North Vietnam, even though North Vietnam was at ware with U.S. forces. The North Vietnamese were also holding many Americans prisoner.

During his first administration, the Nixon White House organized a group of young investigators to stop government secrets from leaking out of the white house and state department. The group was called the “Plumbers.” During the 1972 campaign this group was put to work for the Nixon political campaign.

The Plumbers thought that the radicals in the McGovern campaign might be coordinating activities with the North Vietnamese to help McGovern get elected. McGovern was a patriotic American and the idea that he would have anything to do with North Vietnam was preposterous. There is also no evidence that Nixon thought that McGovern was working with North Vietnam.

The Plumbers, on the other hand, did suspect the McGovern campaign so they broke into the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Hotel looking for evidence. In the first break-in they found nothing.

Anti-war protestors show support for North Vietnam by flying Vietcong and North Vietnam flag

Jane Fonda sits on a North Vietnam anti-aircraft gun aimed at American airplanes

15.

Who was the Democrat candidate for president in 1972?

a.	Richard Nixon	c.	Jimmy Carter
b.	George McGovern	d.	Spiro Agnew

16.

What did the Plumbers suspect about the Democrat party?

a.	the Democrats might be sending money to the North Vietnamese	c.	some people in the McGovern campaign might be working with the South Vietnamese
b.	some people in the McGovern campaign might be working with the North Vietnamese	d.	Democrats might be leaking secret information to the press and congress

17.

What was the Watergate?

a.	A town close to Washington D.C.	c.	A hotel where George McGovern stayed
b.	A hotel that contained offices of the democrat party	d.	A hotel where the offices of the Plumbers were

18.

Who was the Republican Candidate for president in 1972?

a.	George McGovern	c.	Richard Nixon
b.	Spiro Agnew	d.	Jimmy Carter

The Second Watergate Break-in

At 2:30 A.M ., June 17, 1972, a guard at the Watergate complex in Washington, D .C ., caught five men breaking into the campaign headquarters of the DNC (Democrat National Committee). . The burglars had intended to photograph documents outlining Democratic Party strategy and to place wiretaps, or "bugs," on the office telephones . The press soon discovered that the group's leader, James McCord, was a former CIA agent. He was also an official of a group known as the Committee to Reelect the President (CRP). John Mitchell, who had resigned as attorney general to run Nixon's reelection campaign, was the CRP's director.

Richard Nixon did not know about the break-in and evidence shows he did not participate in the planning. There is evidence to show that Nixon found out about the break-in a few days after it happened and tried to cover it up.

At this point, the White House might have disowned the entire operation and demanded the resignation of everyone involved. If Nixon had done that the situation would have been solved. But instead, Nixon tried to cover up the break-in. The cover-up quickly began. Workers shredded all incriminating documents in Haldeman's office. The White House, with President Nixon's consent, asked the CIA to urge the FBI to stop its investigations into the burglary on the grounds of national security. In addition, the Nixon campaign passed out nearly $500,000 to the Watergate burglars to buy their silence after they were indicted in September of 1972.

Throughout the 1972 campaign, the Watergate burglary generated little interest among the American public and media. Only the Washington Post and two of its reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, worked on the story. In a series of articles, the reporters uncovered information that linked numerous members of the Nixon White House to the burglary. The White House denied each new allegation.

In light of efforts for world peace, his China and Soviet Union summits and his promise of peace in Vietnam-Richard Nixon scored the largest victory of any Republican presidential candidate in history. The president captured nearly 61 percent of the popular vote on his way to soundly defeating George S. McGovern, a liberal senator from South Dakota. However, as Nixon savored his landslide victory, the storm clouds of Watergate were gathering on the horizon .

19.

Which statement is true?

a.	Richard Nixon did not know about the break-in when it happened but he did try to cover it up	c.	Richard Nixon did not know about the break-in when it happened and did not try to cover it up
b.	Richard Nixon knew about the break-in when it happened and tried to cover it up	d.	none of these are true

20.

The President takes an oath that he will uphold the constitution and other laws of the United States. What is the worst thing that President Nixon did?

a.	he broke the law by using government agencies to cover up the Watergate investigation	c.	he organized the break in at the Watergate
b.	he accused the McGovern campaign radicals of being communist	d.	he used the FBI and the CIA to help himself get elected

21.

Who was Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein?

a.	members of the white house staff	c.	congressional investigators
b.	two of the plumbers who broke into the Democrat headquarters	d.	reporters for the Washington Post who were investigating the Watergate break-in

22.

Which statement is true?

a.	Nixon won the 72 election for his second term as president by a slim margin	c.	Nixon won the 72 election for his first term as president by a slim margin
b.	Nixon won the 72 election for his second term as president by a big margin	d.	Nixon won the 72 election for his first term as president by a big margin

The Cover-Up Unravels

In January of 1973, the trial of the Watergate burglars began. During the trial, all of the burglars except James McCord changed their pleas from innocent to guilty. McCord was found guilty by a jury. He hinted that powerful members of the Nixon administration had been involved in the break-in.

THE SENATE INVESTIGATES WATERGATE

McCord's revelation of possible White House involvement in the burglary got the publics interest. President Nixon moved quickly to stem the growing public concern. On April 30, 1973, Nixon dismissed White House counsel John Dean who had turned on the Nixon administration and testified in congress. Nixon announced the resignations of Haldeman and Ehrlichman. All three men had been involved in the Watergate affair. The president then went on television and denied any attempt at a cover-up . He announced that he was appointing a new attorney general, Elliot Richardson, and was authorizing him to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Watergate . "There can be no whitewash at the White House," Nixon said. In other words, Nixon said he did not know about the break-in but was going to investigate to find out what happened.

The president's reassurances, however, came too late. In May 1973, the Senate began its own investigation of Watergate . A special committee, chaired by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina, began to call a parade of Nixon administration officials to give testimony. Throughout the summer and into the fall, millions of Americans sat glued to their televisions as the "president's men" testified one after another-and dropped several bombshells.

James MCCord

Senate Watergate hearings

Senators James Baker and Sam Ervin of the Watergate committee

23.

In April of 1973, what did Nixon do to clear himself in the Watergate scandal?

a.	he ordered the FBI to investigate John Dean	c.	he fired Eliot Richardson
b.	he fired the plumbers because they had failed to pay their union dues	d.	he fired his top aides and appointed a new lawyer to investigate the scandal

STARTLING TESTIMONY

John Dean was the President Nixon’s lawyer but he turned against him to save himself from prosecution. The president quickly sent John Mitchell up to Capitol Hill to refute Dean's charges

The hearings had suddenly reached an impasse as the committee A presidential aide Alexander Butterfield stunned the committee when he revealed that Nixon had taped all of his presidential conversations. Butterfield later claimed that the taping system was installed "to help Nixon write his memoirs."

THE SATURDAY NIGHT MASSACRE

A year-long battle for the "Nixon tapes" followed. Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor took the president to court in October 1973 to obtain the tapes. Nixon refused and ordered Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox. In what became known as the Saturday Night Massacre, Richardson refused the order and resigned. The deputy attorney general also refused the order, and he was fired. Shortly after the "massacre," the House Judiciary Committee began examining the possibility of an impeachment hearing.

As if Nixon did not have enough troubles, just days before the Saturday Night Massacre, Vice-President Spiro Agnew had resigned after it was revealed that he had accepted bribes. Nixon nominated the Congressman Gerald Ford, as his new vice-president . Congress quickly confirmed the nomination.

Federal investigators began to study Nixon's own financial dealings . News reports revealed that Nixon had paid only $1,000 in taxes on a $200,000 income in 1971 and 1972. They did not find that Nixon did anything wrong in his taxes. Nixon responded to the charges by saying, "People have the right to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well, I am not a crook."

24.

What did Alexander Butterfield reveal to the senate committee?

a.	that Nixon did know about the break-in	c.	that Nixon did not know about the break-in
b.	that Nixon did not know about the break-in but tried to cover it up	d.	that Nixon made tapes of all of the conversations that went on in his office

25.

Why were the Nixon tapes important to the committee investigating the Watergate?

a.	they were worth a-lot of money	c.	they showed what type of music Nixon listened to on his I-Pod
b.	they would show if Nixon knew about the break-in and tried to cover it up	d.	they could be used by Nixon to write a book about his presidency

26.

After Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned, President Nixon had to appoint a new Vice President. Who did he appoint?

a.	Sam Irvin	c.	Gerald Ford
b.	Elliot Richardson	d.	James Baker

The Fall of a President

In March 1974, a grand jury indicted Mitchell, Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and four other presidential aides on charges of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury. Later they were convicted and sent to prison. The investigation was closing in on the president of the United States .

NIXON RELEASES THE TAPES

On April 30, 1974, President Nixon told a televised audience that he was releasing 1,254 pages of edited transcripts of White House conversations about Watergate . The president hoped that this would convince everyone of his truthfulness and leadership.Furthermore, Nixon's offering of edited tape transcripts failed to satisfy investigators. They demanded the unedited tapes. Nixon refused, and the case went before the Supreme Court. On July 24, 1974, the high court ruled unanimously that the president must surrender the tapes.

THE PRESIDENT RESIGNS

Even without the original tapes, the House Judiciary Committee determined that there was enough evidence to impeach Richard Nixon. On July 27, the committee approved three articles of impeachment, charging the president with obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress for refusing to obey a congressional subpoena to release the tapes.

The evidence now seemed overwhelming. On August 8, 1974, Richard M. Nixon announced his resignation from office. The next day, Nixon and his wife, Pat, climbed into the presidential helicopter that would take them to Andrews Air Force Base for their flight back home to California. Moments later, Gerald Ford was sworn in as the 38th president of the United States .

THE EFFECTS OF WATERGATE

The effects of Watergate have endured long after Nixon's resignation . In the years following Vietnam and Watergate, the American public developed a general cynicism about many public officials.

There was a constitutional crisis because one branch of government (the president) tried to keep the other branches of government (the Congress) from doing its job. H also used the CIA and the FBI to obstruct (defy) the law. Nixon broke the oath he took to protect and defend the constitution by obstructing the law.

27.

Nixon edited the tapes before sending them to the senate. He refused to send the complete tapes. What happened next?

a.	the senate said they were satisfied	c.	Nixon burned the tapes
b.	the Supreme Court ordered the president to turn over the unedited tapes	d.	the Supreme Court said that Nixon did not have to turn over the tapes

28.

What did the House Judiciary Committee do after all of this evidence came out about Nixon.

a.	they said he was guilty of obstructing justice and recommended the House of Representatives impeach Nixon	c.	they said he was not guilty of obstructing justice and recommended the House of Representatives not impeach Nixon
b.	they said they needed to investigate further	d.	they said the Senate had no business investigating Nixon

29.

Which statement is true?

a.	Nixon could have beaten the charges against him. He resigned so the government could stop focusing on Watergate	c.	Nixon created a constitutional crisis by going against the constitution and trying to obstruct justice
b.	Nixon did not mind resigning because he knew that Gerald Ford was going to take over.	d.	Nothing was ever proved against Nixon

30.

What is deregulation?

a.	putting more restrictions on industry to stop pollution	c.	removing controls from environmentalists
b.	making more regulations to protect the environment	d.	removing or lowering regulations to allow industries to grow

31.

Which statement is true about Ronald Reagan?

a.	none of these are true	c.	he pushed for more strict environmental regulations
b.	he advocated deregulation to improve the economy	d.	he was in favor of air pollution

Ford Travels a Rough Road

Upon taking office, Gerald R. Ford urged Americans to put the Watergate scandal behind them. "Our long national nightmare is over," he declared. However, the nation's nightmarish economy persisted, and Ford's policies offered little relief.

"A FORD, NOT A LINCOLN"

Gerald Ford seemed to many to be a likable and honest man. Upon becoming vice-president after Spiro Agnew's resignation, Ford candidly admitted his limitations . "I'm a Ford, not a Lincoln," he remarked. Raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Ford was a product of the nation's heartland. Some people called him "square," but Ford saw nothing wrong with this. He once remarked, "It's . . . the straight, the square that accounts for the great stability of our nation. It's a quality to be proud of." On September 8, 1974,

President Gerald Ford

President Ford pardoned Richard Nixon in an attempt to move the country beyond Watergate. The move cost Ford a good deal of public support. The president hoped to rebuild that support by scoring a victory on what many Americans considered to be the most pressing issue facing the nation: the troubled economy.

32.

How did Gerald Ford become president?

a.	He was elected in 1976	c.	Nixon resigned when he was vice predident
b.	He was elected in 1974	d.	Congress appointed him after Nixon resigned

33.

Gerald Ford gave Richard Nixon an “full and absolute” pardon over any crimes he may have committed in Watergate. How did the public respond to this act?

a.	the public approved of it	c.	there were riots in some American cities
b.	the public disapproved of it	d.	the public did not react at all

34.

Why did Ford give Nixon a pardon?

a.	they had a secret deal	c.	Ford was afraid that he might be implicated for his role in the Watergate scandle
b.	Ford wanted to get Watergate behind him so the government could get on to more important matters	d.	Ford did not think that Nixon could be convicted if he went to court and that would make his administration look bad

FORD TRIES TO "WHIP" INFLATION

By the time Ford took office, America's economy had gone from bad to worse. Both inflation and unemployment continued to rise. After the massive OPEC oil-price increases in 1973, gasoline and heating oil costs had soared, pushing inflation from 6 percent to I I percent by the end of 1974. In September 1974, the president invited the nation's top economic leaders to the White House to discuss economic strategies . In the end, Ford promoted a program of massive citizen action, called "Whip Inflation Now" or WIN. The president called on Americans to cut back on their use of oil and gas and to take other energy-saving measures . In the absence of incentives, though, the plan fell flat. Ford then tried to curb inflation through a "tight money" policy. He cut government spending and encouraged the Federal Reserve Board to restrict credit through higher interest rates . These actions triggered the worst economic recession in 40 years

FORD BATTLES THE CONGRESS

As Ford implemented his economic programs, he continually battled a Democratic Congress intent on pushing its own economic agenda. The Democrats called for a federal jobs program to bring down unemployment, which had climbed to 8.5 percent in 1975. Ford rejected the plan, claiming that pumping more money into the economy would only increase inflation. Throughout his term, Ford vetoed bills to fund programs for health, education, and housing. During his two years as president, Ford vetoed more than 50 pieces of legislation.

In the end, Ford's economic policies received mixed reviews. Inflation had dropped below 10 percent by 1975 and continued to decline slowly. Unemployment also retreated, but by 1976 it remained stuck at around 8 percent. Ford's policies, while holding stagflation steady, seemed to offer no lasting solutions.

35.

Inflation occurs when prices on goods and services rise. What was a major cause of inflaltion in the mid 70’s?

a.	OPEC raised the price of oil which raised the price of everything that used oil	c.	OPEC lowered the price of oil which raised the price of everything that used oil
b.	the farmers started to burn crops because they wanted more money for their products	d.	none of these

36.

What is OPEC?

a.	the United Nations Economic Councel	c.	an American company that sets the price of oil for the United States
b.	a group of oil producing nations that join together to set the price of oil.	d.	greedy American oilmen

Jimmy Carter Enters the White House

Gerald Ford won the Republican nomination for president in 1976. However, he had to fend off a powerful conservative challenge from former California governor Ronald Reagan . Because the Republicans seemed divided over Ford's leadership, and because Ford's economic policies had failed to provide substantial relief, the Democrats confidently eyed the White House. "We could run an aardvark this year and win," predicted one Democratic leader. The Democratic nominee was indeed a surprise: a nationally unknown peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia, Jimmy Carter.

THE ELECTION OF 1976

During the post-Watergate era-in which cynicism toward the Washington establishment ran high-an outsider such as Jimmy Carter proved to be the right candidate for the time. The soft-spoken man from Plains, Georgia, promised to restore integrity to the nation's highest office . "I will never tell a lie to the American people," he said with a distinctive Southern drawl. Throughout the presidential campaign, Carter and Ford squared off over the key issues of inflation, energy, and unemployment. However, Carter gained fewer points for his knowledge of economic issues than for his personality and sense of morality. He openly declared himself a born-again Christian, and he took pride in his pro-civil rights stance . In addition, Carter had a warm, direct campaign style. He would walk up to a stranger on the street, smile, and stick out his hand. "Hello, I'm Jimmy Carter and I'm running for president," he'd say. "I'd like your vote ."

The Carter - Ford Debate in 1976

President Jimmy Carter

Ford began the 1976 campaign well behind Carter in the polls. Although he narrowed the gap by election day, he could not close it. Jimmy Carter won a close election, claiming 40.8 million popular votes to Ford's 39.1 million.

37.

Why did the people of the United States like Jimmy Carter in 76?

a.	he was a simple, honest man from outside the Washington political scene	d.	all of these
b.	people were tired of the corruption inside Washington	e.	none of these
c.	people did not look at Carter as a politician

GEORGIA COMES TO WASHINGTON

From the very beginning, the new first family brought a down-to-earth style to Washington . Refusing the traditional limousine ride after his inauguration, Carter walked with his wife, Rosalynn, and daughter, Amy, down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House. After settling into office, Carter stayed in touch with the people by holding Roosevelt-like "fireside chats" on radio and television . He also held "phone-ins" so that people could talk directly with their president.

However, Carter failed to reach out to Congress in a similar way. Because he had run as an outsider, Carter refused to play the "insider" game of compromise and deal making . Relying mainly on a team of advisers from Georgia, Carter even alienated himself from congressional members of his own party. Democrats on Capitol Hill often joined Republicans to sink the president's budget proposals, as well as his ambitious legislative agenda, which included major reforms of tax and welfare systems.

Carter and Family walk to the White House

Carter White House Staff

38.

Jimmy Carter tried to portray himself as

a.	a simple man of the people	d.	a New England Liberal Elite
b.	an imperial president	e.	a Southern Liberal Elite
c.	a sophisticated intellectual

Carter's Domestic Agenda Like Gerald Ford, President Carter focused much of his attention domestically on battling the country's energy and economic crises . While he met with some successes, Carter could not bring the United States out of its economic downswing. CONFRONTING THE ENERGY CRISIS Carter considered the energy crisis to be the single most important issue facing the nation . A large part of the problem, the president believed, was America's over reliance on imported oil. On April 18, 1977, Carter sat before the nation and in a fireside chat urged his fellow Americans to cut their consumption of oil and gas Carter asked Americans to turn down their thermostats to 65 degrees in the day and 55 degrees at night. He proposed a cabinet-level Department of Energy and presented Congress with more than 100 proposals on energy conservation and development. The battle over the president's energy policy started almost immediately. Representatives from oil- and gas-producing states fiercely resisted some of the proposals. Automobile manufacturers also lobbied against gas-rationing provisions. "It was impossible for me to imagine the bloody legislative battles we would have to win,- Carter later wrote. Out of the battle came the National Energy Act The act placed a tax on gas-guzzling cars, removed price controls on oil and natural gas, produced in the United States,	People line up to make an appointment to buy gas President Carter talks to the nation about the energy crisis
and extended tax credits for the development of alternative energy supplies. By 1979, U.S . dependence on foreign oil had eased slightly. Private industry did its part by developing more gas-efficient automobiles and home heating systems. In addition, American citizens helped by lowering their thermostats and reinsulating their homes. A few also took advantage of a tax credit to install solar-heating panels

39.

Which statement is true?

a.	Carter used the fireside chat to urge Americans to cut their consumption of energy as a way of fighting the energy crisis	d.	all of these statements are true
b.	Carter urged individual Americans to take part in the conservation of energy by doing things like; lowering heat in their homes and turning off lights	e.	none of these statements are true
c.	Carter believed that a central energy problem was America’s over-dependance on foreigh oil

THE ECONOMIC CRISIS WORSENS

Unfortunately, these energy saving measures could do little to combat a sudden new economic crisis . In the summer of 1979, renewed violence in the Middle East produced a second major fuel shortage in the United States . To make matters worse, OPEC announced another major price hike. In 1979 inflation soared from 7.6 percent to 11 .3 percent.

Faced with increasing pressure to act, Carter attempted an array of measures. He implemented voluntary wage and price freezes to slow inflation. He also tried to reduce the national debt through spending cuts. To stimulate business, Carter deregulated, or lifted government controls from, trucking, railroad, and shipping industries . To reduce the money supply, he convinced the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates. None of these measures worked. Worse yet, Carter's scattershot approach convinced many people that he had no economic policy at all. Carter fueled this feeling of uncertainty by delivering his now famous "malaise" speech, in which he complained of a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will ."

Carter's address made many Americans feel that their president had given up. By 1980, inflation had climbed to nearly 14 percent, the highest rate since 1947. The standard of living in the United States slipped from first place to fifth place in the world. Carter's popularity slipped along with it . Polls put his approval rating at a dismal 26 percent, lower than Richard Nixon's lowest figures. The fact that this economic downswing-and Carter's inability to solve it-visited the nation during an election year was one of the key factors in sending Ronald Reagan to the White House.

40.

Why would a crisis in the Middle East provoke a feul shortage in the United States?

a.	The U.S. needed oil to prepare for a possible war with the Soviet Union	c.	The U.S. got much of its oil from the middle east
b.	A crisis in the middle east could not provoke fuel shorages in the U.S.	d.	The U.S. had to supply a great deal of oil to Israel

41.

President Carter had to face Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election. The economy _____ President Carter’s chances of victory.

a.	helped	c.	had no effect on
b.	hurt

A CHANGING ECONOMY

Many of the economic problems Jimmy Carter struggled with resulted from long-term trends in the economy. Since the 1950s, the rise of automation and foreign competition had reduced the number of manufacturing jobs. At the same time, the service sector of the economy expanded rapidly. This sector includes industries such as communications, transportation, and retail trade. During the 1970s, the shift toward a service-based economy accelerated, spurred on by the development of the tiny microchip that enabled computers to be cheaply mass-produced.The rise of the service sector and the decline of manufacturing jobs meant big changes for some American workers. Workers left out of the shrinking pool of manufacturing jobs faced an increasingly complex job market. Many of the higher-paying service jobs required more education or specialized skills than did manufacturing jobs. The lower-skilled service jobs usually did not pay well.

Growing overseas competition during the 1970s caused further change in America's economy. The booming economies of West Germany and countries on the Pacific Rim (such as Japan, Taiwan, and Korea) cut into many U.S. markets. Many of the nation's primary industries-iron and steel, rubber, clothing, automobiles- had to cut back production, lay off workers, and even close plants .

Especially hard-hit were the automotive industries of the Northeast. There, high energy costs, foreign competition, and computerized production led companies to eliminate tens of thousands of jobs. As the 1970s drew to a close, a "Rustbelt" of deteriorating older industries stretched from Detroit to New York. To reduce costs, a number of corporations moved overseas or to Southern and Western states, where labor and energy costs were lower

42.

A manufacturing economy is based on manufacturing products like steel, clothing and electronics. A service economy is based on providing services such as computer information processing, and telecommunications. In the 1970’s the U.S. began to shift from a _____ economy to a _____ economy

a.	service - manufacturing	c.	manufacturing - service
b.	service - computer	d.	none of these

43.

As thosands of industries shut down and manufacturing plants closed, a wide area of the northeast United States became known as the

a.	frost belt	c.	farm belt
b.	rust belt	d.	silicon valley

RACHEL CARSON AND SILENT SPRING

In 1962, Rachel Carson, a marine biologist, published a book entitled Silent Spring . In it, she attacked the growing use of pesticides-chemicals used to kill insects and rodents. Many owners of large farms sprayed a variety of pesticides on their crops to keep hungry insects from devouring their harvest. Carson argued that pesticides poisoned the very food they were intended to protect and as a result killed many birds and fish.

In her book, Carson warned that America faced a "silent spring," in which birds killed off by pesticides would no longer fill the air with song. "It was a spring without voices," she wrote. "On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh." Carson argued that one pesticide in particular, DDT, was a threat even to humans. She contended that DDT, which is very slow to decay, made its way through the entire food chain-from plants to animals and ultimately to human beings.

Within six months of its publication, Silent Spring sold nearly half a million copies . It also prompted an immediate counterattack from many chemical companies, which attacked the book as inaccurate and threat ended legal action against Carson. However, for a majority of Americans, Carson's book was an awakening to the danger that human activity posed to the natural environment. "There's no doubt about the impact of Silent Spring, its a real shocker," declared a reviewer of the book. People throughout the country wrote to their representatives in Congress and to the president, demanding an investigation into the nation's pesticide use. Shortly after the book's publication, President Kennedy established an advisory committee to investigate the situation

With Rachel Carson's prodding, the nation slowly began to focus more on environmental issues . In 1963, Congress passed the Clean Air Act, which regulated automotive and industrial emissions. Although Carson would not live to see the U.S. government outlaw DDT in 1972, her work helped many Americans realize that their everyday behavior, as well as the nation's industrial growth, had a damaging effect on the environment .

44.

The book, “Silent Spring,” warned people about the use of

a.	chemicals to kill insects and rodents	c.	chemicals used to kill birds
b.	accidental oil spills	d.	noise pollution

45.

Who was the author who wrote, Silent Spring?

a.	John Kennedy	c.	Ralph Nader
b.	Rachel Carson	d.	none of these

46.

What was the thesis of the book, Silent Spring?

a.	the noise from hip hop music is driving away the birds	c.	pollution might get into the food chain and kill all the birds someday
b.	noise pollution can drive the birds out of the community	d.	birds could loose the ability to sing because of pollution

Environmental Concerns in the 1970s

Throughout the 1970s, the administrations of Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter, along with numerous grassroots organizations, confronted such environmental issues as pollution, conservation, and the growth of nuclear energy.

THE FIRST EARTH DAY

The United States ushered in the 1970s-a decade in which it would actively address its environmental issues-fittingly enough with the first Earth Day celebration . In late 1969, Wisconsin's - - Senator Gaylord Nelson had suggested that Americans set aside April 22, 1970, as a day of serious discussion of environmental problems. On that day, nearly every community in the nation and more than 10,000 schools and 2,000 colleges hosted some type of environmental-awareness activity. The organizers of the first Earth Day, many of whom were antiwar and civil rights activists, spotlighted such problems as pollution, the growth of toxic waste, and the earth's dwindling resources.

47.

What was the purpose of Earth Day?

a.	to give old hippies from the 60s something to do	c.	promote environmental awareness
b.	promote a return to the good life of living in rural areas	d.	promote the use of insecticides to kill animals that pollute the earth

THE GOVERNMENT TAKES ACTION

President Nixon was not considered an environmentalist, or someone who takes an active role in advocating measures to protect the environment. However, Nixon recognized the nation's growing concern about the environment. In his 1970 State of the Union address he declared, "The great question of the seventies is : Shall we surrender to our surroundings or shall we make our peace with nature and begin to make reparations for the damage we have done to our air, to our land and to our water?"

President Nixon set out on a course that led to the passage of several landmark measures to protect the environment. In 1970, he consolidated 15 existing federal pollution programs into the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . The new agency was given the power to set and enforce pollution standards, to conduct environmental research, and to assist state and local governments in pollution control. Today, the EPA remains the federal government's main instrument for dealing with environmental issues .

Nixon also signed a new Clean Air Act in 1970. The act gave the nation's industries five years to meet new pollution standards, including a mandate that automakers reduce the tailpipe emissions of their new cars by 90 percent. When automakers complained that they would be unable to meet this goal by 1975, the EPA extended the deadline to the 1980s. Automakers eventually complied by introducing the catalytic converter (which changes tailpipe pollutants into less harmful substances). The use of catalytic converters (smog devices) also forced consumers to use gasoline free of additives containing lead, a harmful pollutant.

Following the 1970 Clean Air Act, Congress passed laws that limited pesticide use, protected endangered species, and curbed strip mining-the practice of mining for ore and coal by digging gaping holes in the land. While it made significant advances in environmental protection, the Nixon administration failed to fully satisfy either the conservative or the liberal element of society. Conservatives complained that the new environmental laws placed too great a burden on business, and liberals contended that the new legislation did not go far enough.

48.

What agency did Richard Nixon create to coordinate the clean-up of the environment?

a.	Food and Drug Administration FDA	c.	pollution Tax Agency PTA
b.	Environmental Protection Agency EPA	d.	Department of Education DE

49.

What is one result of the Clean Air Act?

a.	trucks from Mexico cannot use American highways	c.	a percentage of Japanese cars have to be manufactured in the United States
b.	a new interstate highway system was built in the United States	d.	automobiles have to pass smog inspections

THE DEBATE OVER NUCLEAR ENERGY

As the 1970s came to a close, Americans became acutely aware of the dangers that nuclear power plants posed to both humans and the environment. Since the 1950s, nuclear power advocates had argued that nuclear energy was the energy of the future. It was cheap, plentiful, and, they argued, environmentally safe. They pointed to years of safe operation at nuclear plants and called for larger and more powerful plants to meet the nation's growing energy needs. During the 1970s, as America realized the drawbacks to its heavy dependence on foreign oil for energy, nuclear power seemed an attractive alternative

However, opponents of nuclear energy warned against the industry's growth. They contended that nuclear plants, and the wastes they produced, were potentially dangerous to humans and their environment. The construction of more nuclear power plants, they argued, increased the likelihood of accidents, which could lead to the accidental release of deadly radiation into the air.

50.

What government agency monitors the nuclear power industry?

a.	The Environmental Protection Agency	c.	The Atomic Energy Commission
b.	The Nuclear Regulatory Commission	d.	The Manhattan Project

THREE MILE ISLAND

In the early hours of March 28, 1979, the concerns of nuclear energy opponents appeared to come true. That morning, one of the nuclear reactors at a plant on Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, malfunctioned . The reactor overheated after its cooling system failed, and fear quickly arose that radiation might escape and spread over the region. Two days later, low-level radiation actually did escape from the crippled reactor. Pennsylvania's governor ordered schools in the area closed. Officials evacuated some residents, while others fled on their own. One homemaker who lived near the plant recalled her desperate attempt to find safety.

In all, more than 100,000 residents were evacuated from the surrounding area. On April 9, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the federal agency that monitors the nuclear power industry, announced that the immediate danger was over. President Carter inspected the site to help assure the public that the reactor was safe again. An investigation into the incident revealed that plant maintenance personnel had not been properly trained and that certain safety precautions at the plant were lax

The events at Three Mile Island refueled the debate over nuclear power. Supporters of nuclear power pointed out that no one had been killed or seriously injured. Opponents countered by saying that chance alone had averted a tragedy. They demanded that the government call a halt to the construction of new power plants and gradually shut down existing nuclear facilities.

While the government did not do away with nuclear power, federal officials did recognize nuclear energy's potential danger to both humans and the environment. As a result of Three Mile Island, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission strengthened its safety standards and improved its inspection procedures. By 1988, at least 17 new nuclear power plants had opened in the United States, and none had suffered a breakdown

51.

What was the Three Mile Island incident about

a.	a land fill at Three Mile Island that released chemical pollution into the water table	c.	an accident at a nuclear power plant and the release of radiation
b.	none of these	d.	an accident at the Three Mile Island oil refinery

THE CONSERVATIVE BACKLASH

By 1980, one out of every three households was receiving benefits from government programs. Yet many Americans resented the cost of maintaining these federal entitlement programs-programs that guaranteed and provided benefits to particular groups. Taxes were high, and inflation had reached nearly 15 percent. Many Americans feared they would not be able to provide for their children's college education or their own retirement.

In addition, some people had become frustrated with the government's civil rights policies. Congress had passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in an effort to eliminate racial discrimination. Over the years, however, judicial decisions and government regulations had broadened the reach of the act. A growing number of Americans viewed with skepticism what had begun as a movement toward equal opportunity. Although many people had rejected separate schools for blacks and whites as unfair and unequal, few wanted to bus their children long distances to achieve a fixed ratio of black and white students.

As the 1970s progressed, right-wing grassroots groups across the country emerged to support and promote single issues that reflected their key interests. Some members of this New Right-an alliance of conservative special-interest groups stressing cultural, social, and moral issues

> fought any government regulation at all

> fought specific government regulations in the form of busing, gun control, and antitrust laws.

> opposed legal abortion
> opposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).

> rejected laws promoting minority opportunities in employment or education-which they saw as reverse discrimination (discrimination against white people and specifically white men).

> called for a constitutional amendment to permit prayer in public schools.
> voted against anyone who favored increases in taxation.
> Many felt passionately about an overall philosophy of conservative government.

52.

Which statement is true?

a.	in the early 80s people were not being effected by inflation or social programs	c.	many people resented the fact that inflation was falling while many people were getting public assistance
b.	In the early 80s many Americans were concerned because too many people were getting public aid even though their own living standard was rising	d.	In the early 80s many Americans were concerned because too many people were getting public aid while their own living standard was falling

53.

Which statement is true about the attitudes of most Americans in the 1980s

a.	they agreed that segregated schools were fair and were willing to bus their children to other school to achieve integration	c.	they agreed that segregated schools were fair but were unwilling to bus their children to other school to achieve integration
b.	they agreed that segregated schools were unfair and were willing to bus their children to other school to achieve integration	d.	they agreed that segregated schools were unfair but were unwilling to bus their children to other school to achieve integration

54.

Reverse discrimination is usually (though not always) seen as discrimination against

a.	black people	c.	integration of the schools
b.	minorities, no matter what color	d.	white people

55.

Conservative, or right wing, groups favor

a.	smaller government	c.	do not care about the size if government
b.	big governments to solve social problems	d.	favor dictatorships or fascist style governments

THE CONSERVATIVE COALITION

Between the mid-1960s and Reagan's victory in 1980, the conservative movement in the United States grew in strength. Eventually the groups on the right formed the conservative coalition-an alliance made up of some intellectuals, marry business leaders, frustrated middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats, and fundamentalist Christian groups.

There were a number of basic positions that were shared by most of the different groups that made up the conservative coalition. These included opposition to big government, entitlements, and the use of busing and affirmative action to correct segregation, as well as a belief in a return to traditional moral standards.

Conservative intellectuals argued the cause of the conservative coalition in newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal and magazines such as the National Review, founded in 1955 by conservative intellectual William F. Buckley, Jr. Conservative "think tanks," such as the American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation, were founded to develop conservative policies and principles that would appeal to the majority of voters.

56.

A group of Americans who were intellectuals, business leaders, frustrated middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats, and fundamentalist Christian groups were members of

a.	the liberal elite	c.	new left
b.	the conservative coalition	d.	none of these

57.

Conservatives _____ traditional values and morals

a.	reject	c.	are unconcerned about
b.	support	d.	all of these

58.

Entitlements are benefits or special treatment provided by the government to certain groups within the society. Most conservatives ______ entitlements.

a.	are against	c.	do not care about
b.	are in favor of

A SUCCESS STRATEGY

One of the most active segments of the conservative coalition was a confederation of various religious groups. These groups were encouraged and guided by Christian televangelists-evangelists, or preachers, who appear on religious telecasts-such as Jerry Falwell, Jim Bakker, Oral Roberts, Jimmy Swaggart, and Pat Robertson. Many of these religious conservatives came to call themselves the Moral Majority. The Moral Majority consisted mostly of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the Bible literally and believed in absolute standards of right and wrong. They condemned liberal attitudes and behaviors and argued for a restoration of traditional moral values. They worked toward their political goals by using direct-mail campaigns and raising money to support candidates.

As individual conservative groups formed networks, they created a movement dedicated to bringing back traditional American values. They hoped their ideas would help to reduce the nation's high divorce rate, lower the number of out-of-wedlock births, encourage individual responsibility, and generally revive traditional values.

The authors of your text fail to make a distinction between evangelists. They seem to suggest that all evangelists are the same.
Jim Bakker and Jimmy Swaggart were television evangelists but not part of the moral majority or conservative coalition. They refused to take a stand on political issues. Falwell, Roberts and Robertson were (and are) conservative activists and part of the Christian Coalition.

59.

The Christian Coalition worked to

a.	liberate American society from traditional values	c.	make abortion accessible to more women
b.	get the ERA passed	d.	restore traditional American values

60.

The moral majority/conservative coalition was a reaction against

a.	high divorce rates	d.	all of these
b.	a lack of individual responsibility	e.	none of these
c.	out-of-marriage births (teen pregnancies)

REAGAN'S APPEAL

In 1976, Ronald Reagan had lost the Republican nomination for president to the incumbent, Gerald Ford. But after a series of hard-fought primaries, Reagan won the 1980 nomination and chose George Bush, his leading competitor, as his vice president running mate. Reagan and Bush ran against the incumbent president and vice-president, Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale, who were nominated again by the Democrats despite their low standing in the opinion polls.

Originally a New Deal Democrat, Ronald Reagan had become a conservative Republican during the 1950s. He claimed that he had not left the Democratic Party but rather that the party had left him. As a spokesman for General Electric, he toured the country making speeches in favor of free enterprise capitalism and against big government. In 1964, he campaigned hard for Barry Goldwater, the Republican candidate for president. His speech nominating Goldwater at the 1964 Republican convention made Reagan a serious candidate for public office. In 1966 Reagan was elected governor of California, and in 1970 he was reelected

61.

The 1976 presidential election was between

a.	Republican Ford and Democrat Reagan	c.	Democrat Carter and Republican Mondale
b.	Republican Ford and Democrat Carter	d.	Democrat Ford and Republican Reagan

62.

Which statement is true?

a.	Before being elected president, Ronald Reagan had no political experience	c.	Ronald Reagan was a bad actor, a poor speaker and unable to get re-elected governor of California
b.	Before being elected president, the only experience that Reagan had was speaking for the General Electric company	d.	Before being elected president Ronald Reagan served two terms (8 years) as governor of California

THE 1980 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

In 1980, changes in the voting population favored Reagan, as voters aged and moved in increasing numbers to the Sunbelt-the Southern and Southwestern regions of the country. In those regions, there was hostility to Washington and big government.

Reagan ran on a number of key issues. Supreme Court decisions on abortion, pornography, the teaching of evolution, and prayer in public schools all antagonized conservative voters in the country, and they rallied to Reagan. The Iranian hostage crisis and the weak economy under Carter, particularly the high rate of inflation, also helped Reagan. He also helped himself with a staunch anticommunism that led him to refer to the Soviet Union as the "evil empire."

Thanks in part to his acting career and his long experience in the public eye, Reagan was an extremely effective candidate. In contrast to Carter, who often seemed stiff and nervous, Reagan was relaxed, charming, and affable. He loved making quips: "A recession is when your neighbor loses his job. A depression is when you lose yours. A recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his." Reagan's longstanding skill at simplifying issues and presenting them clearly led his supporters to call him the Great Communicator. Also, his commitment to military and economic strength appealed to many Americans.

Only 52.6 percent of American voters went to the polls in 1980. Reagan won the election. He got 44 million votes, or 51 percent of the total (this contrasts to Bill Clinton who never got more than 48 percent of the vote and was elected twice). His support was spread throughout the country, so that he carried 44 states and won 489 electoral votes. Republicans also gained control of the Senate for the first time since 1954. As Reagan assumed the presidency, many people were buoyed by his genial smile and his assertion that it was "morning again in America." Now, at last, conservatives had elected one of their own-a true believer in less government, lower taxes, and traditional values. Once elected, Reagan worked aggressively to translate the conservative agenda into public policy.

63.

Why was Reagan called “the great communicator?”

a.	he could present issues in ways that most Americans could understand	c.	he could present complicated issues in complicated ways
b.	he did not speak with an accent	d.	he did not talk about complicated issues

64.

What are the South and Southwest parts of the United States called?

a.	the Sunbelt	c.	the Rustbelt
b.	the Southbelt	d.	the tightbelt

65.

In 1980 many Americans were moving from the North and Northeast to the South and Southwest. Reagan benefited from this shift in the population because the South and Southwest were _______ big government

a.	pro	c.	neutral to
b.	anti	d.	in favor of

"Reaganomics" Takes Over

As soon as Reagan took office, he worked to reduce the size and influence of the federal government, which, he thought, would encourage private investment. Since people were anxious about the economy in 1980, their concern opened the door for new approaches to taxes and the federal budget.

CUTTING GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS

Reagan's strategy for downsizing the federal government included deep cuts in government spending on social programs. Yet his cuts did not affect all segments of the population equally. Entitlement programs that benefited the middle class, such as Social Security, Medicare, and veterans' pensions, remained intact. (because the government was not allowed to cut these programs) On the other hand, Congress slashed by 10 percent the budget for programs that benefited more limited groups: urban mass transit, food stamps, welfare benefits, job training, Medicaid, school lunches, and student loans. In 1981, The Democrat Congress slashed domestic spending by over $40 billion-less than Reagan had asked for but still a huge sum.

The authors are mistating what happened. Reagan and the Democrat congress raised expenditures for these programs but raised expenditures 10% less than was proposed by some liberal groups.

66.

Why did Reagan worke to reduce the size and influence of the federal government

a.	to help the labor unions by taking money from business and giving it to the workers	c.	to help business leaders acquire more wealth
b.	to provide more money for defense	d.	fewer taxes and less regulation would encourage more business investment and help the economy

67.

Which group suffered the most from government downsizing in the early 80s?

a.	the rich	c.	the poor
b.	the middle classes	d.	all suffered equally

REDUCING TAXES

The second part of Reagan's policy called for lower taxes to accompany the reduced spending on social programs. This approach was the core of Reaganomics-a term used to refer to Reagan's economic policy, which involved large tax cuts to increase private investments, which in turn would, he thought, increase the nation's supply of goods and services. Reagan based his ideas on the work of economists such as George Gilder and Arthur Laffer.

Reaganomics rested heavily upon supply-side economics, which held that cutting tax rates-especially on investments-would give people incentives to work, save, and invest. According to this theory, increased business investment would create more jobs, as entrepreneurs and other suppliers developed new products and services. More workers would mean more taxpayers, which would cause government revenues to increase, even though tax rates were low. Using supply-side theory as his rationale, Reagan in 1981 signed into law a 25 percent cut in federal income taxes, spread out over three years.

68.

The theory of Regainomics said that if you cut taxes the govenment will actually get more money from taxes. How is this possible?

a.	by cutting taxes you stimulate the economy, new businesses start which pay more taxes	d.	all of these are part of the theory of Regainomics.
b.	by cutting taxes, more money goes into the economy which means more jobs and more people paying taxes.	e.	None of these are part of the theory of Regainomics
c.	by cutting taxes companies can expand and get bigger and pay more taxes

INCREASING MILITARY SPENDING

Meanwhile, Reagan authorized increases in military spending that more than offset cuts in social programs. Between 1981 and 1984, the Defense Department budget almost doubled. Indeed, the president revived two controversial weapons systems-the MX missile and the B-1 bomber. In 1983, Reagan asked the country's scientists to develop a defense system that would keep Americans safe from enemy missiles. Officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI, the system quickly became known as Star Wars, after the title of a popular movie. The Defense Department estimated that the system would cost trillions of dollars.

A REVIVED AMERICAN ECONOMY

As Reaganomics got under way, rates fell and the stock market soared, producing a long period of economic growth. The inflation rate dropped from a high of 14 percent in 1980 to 4 percent in 1988. Government revenues, however, did not increase as much as had been expected, resulting in large budget deficits.

The high interest rates that were necessary to curb inflation contributed to a severe recession during much of 1982. However, early in 1983 an economic upturn began as consumers went on a spending spree. Their confidence in the economy was bolstered by tax cuts, a decline in interest rates, and lower inflation. The stock market surged, unemployment declined, and the gross national product went up by almost 10 percent. The stock market boom lasted until 1987, when the market crashed, losing 508 points in one day. This fall was due in large part to automated and computerized buying and selling systems. However, the market recovered and then continued its upward trend. Computer programs were adjusted so this automatic selling would not happen again.

69.

From 81 to 84 how much did military spending increase?

a.	by 10%	c.	by 50%
b.	by 25%	d.	it did not rise at all

THE NATIONAL DEBT CLIMBS

During the Reagan and Bush years, the national debt soared from $900 billion in 1980 to almost $4 trillion in 1992, making the United States the world's leading debtor nation. Interest payments on this debt accounted for about 21 percent of the national budget-more than the budget for education, health, the environment, agriculture, transportation, space, science, and technology combined. The interest payments on the national debt limited the amount of money available for investment in private enterprises. There was less money available to invest in technology and infrastructure (transportation systems, water and power lines, streets, and so forth). The country also faced a large foreign trade imbalance-that is, the nation was importing more goods than it was exporting. This imbalance meant that American dollars were going to other countries. On the other hand, the strong foreign competition spurred American companies to improve their products.

To reduce the budget deficit, Congress passed a sweeping new tax bill that provided for an increase in taxes other than those on income. In 1982, Reagan quietly signed it into law. Congress enacted another tax increase in 1984. In 1986 Reagan signed into law a new simplified tax system that lowered individual tax rates but raised business rates and eliminated hundreds of deductions.

70.

When a nation has a trade imbalance what does this mean?

a.	it is exporting more than it is importing	c.	it is importing and exporting the same amount
b.	it is importing more than it is exporting	d.	it has no imports at all

71.

During the Reagan/Bush years the national debt increased dramatically. What is the national debt?

a.	the amount of money that foreign countries owe to the United States	c.	the amount of money that citizens owe to the government
b.	the amount of money that the U.S. owes because it spends more than it gets from taxes	d.	none of these

Judicial Power Shifts to the Right

One of President Reagan's objectives was to promote traditional values and morality. Perhaps the most important way in which he accomplished this was through his appointments to the Supreme Court. Decisions of the Court affected many social issues, including crime, abortion, and First Amendment rights.

THE REAGAN-BUSH SUPREME COURT NOMINATIONS

Reagan extended his conservative policies by naming conservative judges to the Supreme Court. He nominated Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony M. Kennedy to fill the seats left by retiring judges. O'Connor was the first woman to be appointed to the Court. He also nominated justice William Rehnquist, the most conservative justice on the court at the time, to the position of chief justice. By the end of his term in office, Reagan had appointed nearly half of all the federal district and appeals judges. These new appointees handed down conservative opinions on abortion rights and race discrimination.

President Bush later made the Court even less liberal when David 11. Souter replaced the retiring justice William Brennan. He also nominated Clarence Thomas to take the place of Thurgood Marshall. However, controversy exploded when a law professor, Anita Hill, testified that Thomas had sexually harassed her when she worked for him in the 1980s at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The all-male Senate Judiciary Committee did not fully investigate the charges until after they became public knowledge. Thomas eventually won approval by a final vote of 52 to 48.

The Reagan and Bush appointments to the Supreme Court ended the liberal control over the Court that had begun under Franklin Roosevelt. These appointments became increasingly significant as the court revisited constitutional issues related to such topics as discrimination, abortion, and affirmative action. In 1989, the Court, in a series of rulings, restricted a woman's right to an abortion. The Court also imposed new restrictions on civil rights laws that had been designed to protect the rights of women and minorities. In the 1990-1991 session, the Court narrowed the rights of arrested persons.

Deregulating the Economy Reagan achieved his third objective-reducing the size and power of the federal government-largely by deregulating, or cutting back on federal regulation of, industry. As part of his campaign for a smaller government, he removed price controls on oil and gas and eliminated federal health and safety inspections for nursing homes. He deregulated the airline industry (allowing airlines to abandon convenient but unprofitable air routes) and the savings and loan industry. One of the positive results of this deregulation was that it increased competition and often resulted in lower prices for the consumer.

In some cases Reagan's efforts at deregulation meant that government regulation simply stopped, since state or local governments were not able to pick up the burden of regulating airlines or controlling oil prices. In other cases, deregulation transferred financial burdens and a great deal of regulatory responsibility to state and local governments.

72.

Why did President Reagan appoint conservatives to the Supreme Court?

a.	he wanted to promote traditional values and morality	c.	he wanted to increase spending for the military
b.	he wanted to cut government spending	d.	none of these

73.

What is deregulation?

a.	imposing fewer regulations at the federal level and more regulation at the state level	c.	increasing defense spending
b.	cutting back on the rules and regulations that the government imposes	d.	imposing more regulation at the federal level of government

74.

Reagan wanted the Supreme Court to be more

a.	liberal	c.	balanced between conservatives and liberals
b.	conservative	d.	none of these

THE ENVIRONMENT

The Reagan administration believed that the EPA had gone too far and the agency was hostle to the American people. They believed that the agency had been taken over by “environmental extremests.” In a further effort at deregulation, President Reagan cut the budget of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which had been established in 1970 to fight pollution and conserve natural resources. He ignored pleas from Canada to reduce acid rain and appointed administrators sympathetic to business to serve in environmentally sensitive offices. For example, James Watt, Reagan's secretary of the interior, sold millions of acres of public land to private businesses. In order to decrease American dependence on foreign oil, he opened the continental shelf to oil and gas drilling, which some people thought posed environmental risks. Watt also permitted timber cutting in national forests and eased restrictions on coal mining.

At the same time, EPA administrator Anne Gorsuch Burford and assistant administrator Rita 'Lavelle fired hundreds of inspectors at the Environmental Protection Agency. This caused a 75 percent drop in the number of anti pollution cases referred to the justice Department for prosecution. As a result of these actions, Watt came under fire from many quarters, and he resigned in 1983. Lavelle also resigned in 1983, and Burford was dismissed. The Reagan administration continued to oppose federal intervention to preserve the environment, though it did agree to support the 1980 Superfund bill, aimed at eliminating dangerous toxic waste sites.

Actually James Watt resigned because he made some politically incorrect remarks at a dinner he had attended. His resignation was not related to the environemnt policies.

75.

Why did the Reagan administration ease the rules imposed by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

a.	they did not like the environement	c.	they thought the EPA did not go far enough in regulating the environemnt
b.	they wanted to make the EPA stronger	d.	they thought the EPA had gone too far in regulating the environemnt and were environmental extremests

Conservative Victories in 1984 and 1988

It was clear by 1984 that Reagan had forged a coalition of conservative voters who highly approved of his policies. These voters included

• business people-who wanted to deregulate the economy
• Southerners-who welcomed the limits on federal power
• Westerners-who resented federal controls on mining and grazing

• "Reagan Democrats"-who agreed with Reagan on limiting federal government and thought that the Democratic Party had drifted too far to the left

Out of what conservatives saw as the major successes of his first term, Reagan had put together a strong conservative bloc of voters.

THE 1984 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

In 1984, Reagan and Bush won the Republican nominations for reelection without challenge. Walter Mondale, who had been vice-president under President Carter, won the Democratic Party's nomination and chose Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate. Ferraro became the first woman on a major party's presidential ticket.

Reagan and Bush maintained their popularity and won by a landslide, carrying every state but Mondale's Minnesota and the District of Columbia. As in 1980, Reagan received the bulk of his support from traditional Republicans, conservative Christians, and disaffected Democrats.

76.

In the 84 elections, Reagan won support from

a.	a narrow group of voters	c.	traditional Republicans only
b.	a wide range of groups and voters	d.	traditional Democrats only

THE 1988 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Despite a deepening deficit, rising inflation, and foreign-policy scandals, a majority of Americans were economically comfortable, and they attributed their comfort to Reagan and Bush. When Michael Dukakis, the Democratic governor of Massachusetts, ran for the presidency in 1988 against George Bush, most voters saw little reason for change. Dukakis was also viewed by the American people as a liberal who was “soft on crime.” While governor of Massachusetts he started a program that allowed convicted murderers to leave prison for weekends. One of the persons who he allowed to leave prison murdered a family while on leave and the Bush campaign used this against him. Dukakis proved that the American people did not want a liberal for president.

George Bush simply built on President Reagan's legacy by promising, "Read my lips: no new taxes" in his acceptance speech to the Republican convention. He stressed his commitment to the conservative ideas of the Moral Majority. Only half of the eligible voters went to the polls in 1988. Fiftythree percent voted for George Bush, who won 426 electoral votes. Bush's electoral victory was viewed, as Reagan's had been, as a mandate for conservative social and political policies.

77.

Michael Dukakis, the Democrat Party nominee for president in 88 was a

a.	conservative	c.	socialist
b.	liberal	d.	tough on crime candidate

78.

The 84 and 88 elections proved that America

a.	wanted liberals to run the country	c.	was a socialist country
b.	did not care about the political philosophy of the people running for president	d.	wanted conservatives to run the country

Health, Education, and Cities in Crisis

In the 1980s, both in the cities (which supported large populations of poor people, minorities, and recent immigrants) and in rural and suburban areas, governments strove mightily to deal with crises in health, education, and safety. Americans directed their attention to issues such as AIDS, drug abuse, abortion, education, and the urban crisis.

HEALTH ISSUES

One of the most troubling issues that Americans argued about in the 1980s was AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Beginning in 1981, AIDS began spreading rapidly throughout the world. Caused by a virus that destroys the immune system, AIDS weakens the body so that it is prone to infections and normally rare cancers.

After years of intensive research, no cure had been found. AIDS is transmitted through bodily fluids, and most of the early victims of the disease were either homosexual men or intravenous drug users who shared needles. However, people also contracted AIDS through contaminated blood transfusions or by being born to infected mothers. As the 1980s progressed, increasing numbers of heterosexuals began contracting AIDS as well. As the epidemic grew, so did concern over the rising cost of care for AIDS sufferers.

79.

What was the serious health epidemic that effected mostly homosexual men in the 1980s?

a.	Pneumonia	c.	Yellow Fever
b.	Gout	d.	Acquired Immune Deficiency

ABORTION

Many Americans were concerned about abortion in the 1980s. Abortion had been million children and adults legal in the United States since 1973, when the Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that first trimester abortions were protected by a woman's right to privacy. Opponents of legalized abortion (called pro-life) quickly organized under the "pro-life" banner. They argued that human life began at conception and that no one had the right to terminate a human life by her individual decision. Proponents of legalized abortion described themselves as "pro-choice." They argued that reproductive choices were personal health-care matters the world were the result of and noted that many women had died from abortions performed by unskilled people in unsterile settings before the procedure was legalized.

In July of 1989, the Supreme Court ruled in Webster v. Reproductive Health Care Services that states had the right to impose new restrictions on abortion. As a result, abortion restrictions varied from state to state.

In May of 1991, the Court further limited abortion rights. It ruled in Rust v Sullivan that the federal government could prevent doctors in government sponsored health clinics from providing women with information about abortion -even if the women's health was at risk. Antiabortion activists applauded the new ruling, but abortion rights supporters argued that the ruling created one level of health care for the affluent and another for the poor. Many doctors felt that the decision violated professional ethics by telling them how to practice medicine. Congress passed a bill designed to overturn the Court's restrictions on abortion rights, but President Bush vetoed the bill. His veto was sustained by the Congress.

80.

What was the name of the Supreme Court case that first made abortion legal in the United States?

a.	Webster v. Reproductive Health Care Services	c.	Brown v Board of Education
b.	Rust v Sullivan	d.	Roe v Wade

81.

People opposed to abortion are called _____ and people in favor of abortion are called _____

a.	pro life - pro choice	c.	pro abortion - anti abortion
b.	pro choice - pro life	d.	none of these combinations are correct

DRUG ABUSE

Battles over abortion rights sometimes competed for public attention with concerns over rising drug abuse. Jobless youth in the cities and teenagers in the suburbs joined gangs to gain power and money by selling crack cocaine and other drugs. In 1980, only 10 cities reported serious problems, but by 1990, more than 125 cities had gang-related troubles. As crime and drug use rose, different factions promoted diverse approaches to the crisis. A few people argued that drugs should be legalized to reduce the power of gangs who made a living selling illegal drugs. Others called for more treatment facilities in order to treat addiction. The Reagan administration launched a war on drugs and supported moves to prosecute users as well as dealers.

The president called for random drug testing at government-related workplaces, and in 1988, the Democrat Congress passed a law cutting off college loans and public housing for marijuana users. Congress also provided funds for anti drug education in the schools. Businesses and some institutions began random drug testing to identify drug users. The military used armed forces to patrol the nation's borders in an attempt to prevent drug smuggling. At the same time, First Lady Nancy Reagan toured the country with an anti-drug campaign that admonished students to "Just Say No!" to drugs. These measures helped reduce drug use among middle-class Americans, but the availability of illegal drugs apparently remained the same

President Bush followed in Reagan's footsteps and called for action against drugs, which he called "[our] gravest domestic threat." The president urged "a war on drugs"-by which he meant crack cocaine and similar substances. Bush's program emphasized law enforcement: stopping drugs at the nation's borders, jailing drug-using Americans for long terms, and establishing a death penalty for drug dealers.

82.

First lady, Nancy Reagan’s, anti-drug program was called

a.	enough is enough	c.	kids hate drugs
b.	stop drugs now	d.	just say no

EDUCATION

Education was another issue that stirred people's concerns about the future of their children. In 1983, a presidential commission issued a report on education, entitled A Nation at Risk. The report revealed that American students' test scores lagged behind those of students in most other industrialized nations. Further, the report showed that scores on standardized achievement tests had sunk below those in 1957, when the Soviets launched Sputnik. In addition, the report stated that 23 million Americans were unable to follow an instruction manual or fill out a job application form. It also noted that many 17-year-olds could not read a paragraph and draw an intelligent conclusion, or distinguish the state of Florida from Russia on an outline snap.

The commission's findings and those of various scholars touched off a debate about education. The commission recommended more homework, longer school days, and an extended school year. It also promoted increased pay and merit raises for teachers, as well as a greater emphasis on basic subjects such as English, math, science, social studies, and computer science

Some educators recommended more Head Start programs, smaller classes, tutorials, and an emphasis on critical thinking. Others advocated a system that would give parents who wanted to send their children to private schools the money that would have been spent on the children in public schools. Still others favored "magnet schools" and parental choice among public schools.

Whatever their ideas, most Americans agreed that the public schools were, at best, educating only half the students enrolled. Furthermore, students who dropped out of school stood little chance of earning a living in an economy that had become increasingly complex, in part because of the dawn of the computer age.

The tremendous growth in the use of personal computers during the 1980s made education even more important for students. The information age made it imperative that students learn to use the new technology, including the Hardware of computers and keyboards as well as the software of different programs. Apple computers, IBM computers and their clones (similar machines), along with all the technology associated with them, became a growth industry in the 1980s and transformed the school and the workplace.

In April 1991, President Bush announced a bold new education initiative, "America 2000." He argued that choice was the salvation of American schools and recommended allowing parents to use public funds to send their children to schools of their choice-public, private, or religious. Bush also proposed the founding of 535 new schools that would serve as models of curriculum innovation. He also urged national achievement tests.

83.

What did the presidential commission report called, “A Nation At Risk” say about American school kids

a.	they were about equal to students in other industrial nations	c.	they were ahead of students in other industrial nations
b.	they were behind students in other industrial nations	d.	education is less important than many people believe

The Equal Rights Struggle

Within this environment of dwindling resources and social struggle, women worked to achieve economic and social gains.

POLITICAL LOSSES AND GAINS

During the early 1980s, women's rights activists worked to obtain ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA). Although Congress had passed the amendment in 1972, it had not vet been ratified, or approved, by three-fourths of the states. Supporters of the amendment had until June 30, 1982, to gain ratification from 38 states. They obtained only 35 of the 38 ratifications they needed, and the ERA did not become law.

With the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, women's organizations began to concentrate on electing women to public office. Elections in 1980 and 1982 revealed a gender gap, in which women followed different voting patterns than men. More women candidates began to run for office, and in 1984 the Democrats chose Geraldine Ferraro as their vice-presidential candidate. She had spoken of the necessity for women in all walks of life to continue working for equal opportunities in American society.

During the 1980s, the number of women in Congress increased from 28 to 47, and the number of women senators tripled-from two to six. President Reagan also named two women to his cabinet: Elizabeth Dole became secretary of transportation, and Margaret Heckler became secretary of health and human services. Nevertheless, women remained underrepresented in political affairs and over represented among the ranks of the poor

84.

Which statement is true?

a.	The ERA did not become an amendment to the constitution because women did not support it	c.	The ERA did not become part of the constitution because three quarters of the states did not ratify it
b.	The ERA became part of the constitution in 1982	d.	The ERA did not become part of the constitution because two thirds of the states did not ratify it

85.

What office did Geraldine Ferraro run for in 1984?

a.	She was the Republican candidate for Vice President	c.	She ran for the Senate from New York
b.	She was the Democrat candidate for Vice President	d.	She was the presidential candidate for the Democrats in 1984

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL GAINS

Several factors contributed to what some called the feminization of poverty. By 1992, 57.8 percent of the nation's women were part of the work force, and a growing percentage of women worked as professionals and managers. However, in that year women earned only about 76 cents for every dollar men earned. Female college graduates earned only slightly more than male high-school graduates. Also, about 31 percent of female heads of household lived in poverty, and among African-American women the poverty rate was even higher. New trends in divorce settlements aggravated the situation. Under no-fault divorce, fewer women won alimony payments, and the courts rarely enforced the meager child support payments they awarded. As late as 1990, more than 25 percent of the spouses, mostly males, who owed child support still paid nothing at all.

To close the income gap that left so many women poor, women's organizations and unions proposed a system of pay equity, by which jobs would be rated on the basis of the amount of education they required, the amount of physical strength needed to perform them, and the number of people one supervised. Instead of relying on traditional pay scales, employers would establish pay rates that reflected each job's requirements. By 1989, 20 states had begun adjusting government jobs to offer pay equity for jobs of comparable worth. Many female employees received raises of up to 30 percent. Most private firms, however, resisted the idea because they believed it would be too expensive.

Women also asked for other improvements in the workplace. Since many working women headed single-parent households or had children under the age of six, they pressed for family benefits. Government and corporate benefit packages began to include maternity leaves, flexible hours and workweeks, job sharing, and work-at-home arrangements. Some of these changes were launched by individual firms, while others required government intervention. Yet the Reagan administration sharply cut the federal budget for daycare, AFDC (welfare), and other similar programs. Congress passed a family-leave plan in 1991 that President Bush vetoed.

86.

What was pay equity about?

a.	It was an attempt by unions and women’s groups to help women get equal pay for equal work	c.	It was an attempt by women’s groups and unions to get more women elected to public office at the same pay rates as men
b.	it was an attempt by women’s groups and unions to get more women into the unions where pay was higher	d.	It was an attempt by the unions to get pay raises for all workers, men and women

The Fight for Rights Continues

Cuts in government programs and the backlash against civil rights initiatives, such as affirmative action, affected other groups as well.

AFRICAN AMERICANS

African Americans made striking political gains during the 1980s, even as their economic progress suffered. By the mid-1980s, African- American mayors governed dozens of cities, including Los Angeles, Detroit, Chicago, Atlanta, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Hundreds of communities in both the North and the South had elected African Americans to serve as sheriffs, school board members, state legislators s, and members of Congress. In 1990, L. Douglas Wilder of Virginia became the nation's first African-American governor. The Reverend Jesse Jackson ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988.

However, the income gap between white Americans and African Americans was larger in 1988 than it had been in 1968. Middle-class African Americans sometimes moved into professional and managerial positions, but the poor faced a future of diminishing opportunities. In 1989, the newly conservative Supreme Court handed down a series of decisions that continued to change the nation's course on civil rights. Affirmative-action is an attempt by government to provide more jobs for minorities to correct past abuses. In the case of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company, for example, the Court further limited the scope of affirmative-action, Other decisions by the Court outlawed contracts set aside for minority businesses. In the 80s there was a backlash against affirmative action.

87.

What is Affirmative-action?

a.	a requirement that judges “affirm” the right of equal protection of the law to minorities	c.	an attempt by the government to limit the number of jobs that minorities have and provide jobs for white people
b.	an attempt by the government to help minorities get jobs because they were discriminated against in the past	d.	the requirement that government officials tell the truth in all government investigations

Matching

Match the Program with the president

a.	Franklin Roosevelt	d.	Lyndon Johnson
b.	Harry Truman	e.	Gerald Ford
c.	John F. Kennedy	f.	Richard Nixon

88.

Great Society

89.

Fair Deal

90.

New Frontier

91.

New Deal

a.	Iraq	h.	Nicaragua
b.	Poland	i.	the United States
c.	Germany	j.	Grenada
d.	the Soviet Union	k.	Yugoslavia
e.	China	l.	Israel
f.	Iran	m.	Operation Desert Storm
g.	Panama

92.

This nation invaded Kuwait in 1990.

93.

Ronald Reagan signed the INF Treaty with this nation to limit nuclear missiles

94.

Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as the president of this nation.

95.

Sandinista rebels overthrew the dictator of this nation in 1979.

96.

This tiny island nation was invaded by the United States in 1983.

97.

The Contras attempted to overthrow the government of this nation.

98.

In 1991, the Commonwealth of Independent States took the place of this nation.

99.

This nation’s president was overthrown, arrested, and convicted of drug trafficking.

100.

The U.S. used this nation to sell arms to Iran in the Iran-Contra scandal

101.

This nation’s actions led the United States and its allies to launch Operation Desert Storm.

102.

This nation was the one most directly affected by the domestic policies known as glasnost and perestroika.

103.

Tiananmen Square was the location of demonstrations that drew international attention to this nation’s lack of political freedoms.

104.

The labor union, Solidarity, helped to end communist rule in this nation

105.

The 1991 U.S. attack on Iraq to force the Iraqis out of Kuwait